Seroprevalence of Leptospira in Racehorses and Broodmares in New Zealand
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample Collection and Serological Testing
2.3. Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Description
3.2. Serovar Results
3.3. Questionnaire Results
3.4. Logistic Regression Analysis
3.4.1. Any Serovar
3.4.2. Serovar Ballum
3.4.3. Serovar Copenhageni
3.4.4. Serovar Hardjo (Bovis)
3.4.5. Serovar Pomona
3.4.6. Serovar Tarassovi
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Level | Any Serovar | Ballum | Copenhageni | Hardjo (Bovis) | Pomona | Tarassovi | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Horses | Number of Horses Positive (%) | Number of Horses Positive (%) | Number of Horses Positive (%) | Number of Horses Positive (%) | Number of Horses Positive (%) | Number of Horses Positive (%) | ||
Horse-level | ||||||||
Sex | Female | 400 | 111 (27.8) | 22 (5.5) | 41 (10.3) | 22 (5.5) | 27 (6.8) | 28 (7.0) |
Male | 99 | 13 (13.1) | 2 (2.0) | 4 (4.0) | 6 (6.1) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.0) | |
Role | Broodmare | 335 | 103 (30.8) | 21 (6.3) | 38 (11.3) | 20 (6.0) | 26 (7.8) | 27 (8.1) |
Racehorse | 164 | 21 (12.8) | 3 (1.8) | 7 (4.3) | 8 (4.9) | 2 (1.2) | 2 (1.2) | |
Vaccinated against other pathogens * | No/unsure | 105 | 14 (13.3) | 1 (0.9) | 6 (5.7) | 6 (5.7) | 0 | 2 (1.9) |
Yes | 394 | 110 (27.9) | 23 (5.8) | 39 (9.9) | 22 (5.5) | 28 (7) | 27 (6.8) | |
Property-level | ||||||||
Region | Manawatu | 315 | 72 (22.8) | 14 (4.4) | 25 (5.9) | 19 (6.0) | 17 (5.4) | 16 (5.1) |
Waikato | 136 | 40 (29.4) | 7 (5.2) | 16 (11.8) | 7 (5.2) | 8 (5.9) | 10 (7.4) | |
Auckland | 48 | 12 (25) | 3 (6.3) | 4 (8.3) | 2 (4.2) | 3 (6.3) | 3 (6.3) | |
Natural water source on property | No | 69 | 17 (24.6) | 1 (1.5) | 6 (8.7) | 5 (7.3) | 5 (7.3) | 4 (5.8) |
Yes | 430 | 107 (24.9) | 23 (5.4) | 39 (9.1) | 23 (5.4) | 23 (5.4) | 25 (5.8) | |
Natural water source type * | Bore | 2 | 2 (100) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100) | 1 (50.0) |
River | 211 | 55 (26.1) | 11 (5.2) | 18 (8.5) | 12 (5.7) | 12 (5.7) | 11 (5.2) | |
Stream | 16 | 4 (25) | 1 (6.3) | 3 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | |
Creek | 193 | 42 (21.8) | 9 (4.7) | 15 (7.8) | 11 (5.7) | 9 (4.7) | 10 (5.2) | |
Swamp | 8 | 4 (50) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (25.0) | |
Flooding on property in the last 12 months | No | 259 | 73 (28.2) | 12 (4.6) | 27 (10.4) | 19 (7.3) | 18 (7.0) | 16 (6.2) |
Yes | 240 | 51 (21.2) | 12 (5.0) | 18 (7.5) | 9 (3.8) | 10 (4.2) | 13 (5.4) | |
Evidence of wildlife on the property | ||||||||
Rats | No | 86 | 16 (18.6) | 3 (3.5) | 5 (5.8) | 5 (5.8) | 5 (5.8) | 4 (4.7) |
Yes | 413 | 108 (26.2) | 21 (5.1) | 40 (9.7) | 23 (5.6) | 23 (5.6) | 25 (6.1) | |
Mice | No | 9 | 9 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Yes | 490 | 124 (24.9) | 24 (4.9) | 44 (9.0) | 28 (5.7) | 28 (5.7) | 29 (5.9) | |
Possums | No | 114 | 24 (21.1) | 6 (5.3) | 9 (7.9) | 4 (3.5) | 6 (5.3) | 5 (4.4) |
Yes | 385 | 100 (26.0) | 18 (4.7) | 36 (9.4) | 24 (6.2) | 22 (5.7) | 24 (6.2) | |
Hedgehogs | No | 246 | 53 (21.5) | 13 (5.3) | 21 (8.5) | 12 (4.9) | 12 (4.9) | 11 (4.5) |
Yes | 253 | 71 (28.1) | 11 (4.4) | 24 (9.5) | 16 (6.3) | 16(6.3) | 18 (7.1) | |
Rabbits | No | 19 | 6 (31.6) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (15.8) |
Yes | 480 | 118 (24.6) | 23 (4.8) | 45 (9.4) | 26 (5.4) | 28 (5.8) | 26 (5.4) | |
Mustelids | No | 364 | 92 (25.3) | 21 (5.8) | 38 (10.4) | 18 (5.0) | 20 (5.5) | 21 (5.8) |
Yes | 135 | 32 (23.7) | 3 (2.2) | 7 (5.2) | 10 (7.4) | 8 (5.9) | 8 (5.9) | |
Traps for rodents on property | No | 19 | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Yes | 480 | 122 (25.4) | 24 (5.0) | 45 (9.4) | 26 (5.4) | 28 (5.8) | 29 (6.0) | |
Feed storage prior to opening | Feed shed | 333 | 85 (25.5) | 17 (5.1) | 33 (9.9) | 15 (4.5) | 21 (6.3) | 20 (6.0) |
Other shed | 50 | 11 (22.0) | 2 (4.0) | 3 (6.0) | 3 (6.0) | 4 (8.0) | 3 (6.0) | |
Shed and silo | 44 | 8 (18.2) | 1 (2.3) | 2 (4.6) | 6 (13.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | |
Other (silo/kegs) | 72 | 20 (27.8) | 4 (5.6) | 7 (9.7) | 4 (5.6) | 3 (4.2) | 5 (6.9) | |
Feed storage once opened | Open feed bags | 72 | 17(23.6) | 7 (9.7) | 9 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.9) | 3 (4.2) |
Unsealed feed bins | 73 | 15 (20.6) | 2 (2.7) | 5 (6.9) | 6 (8.2) | 2 (2.7) | 3 (4.1) | |
Sealed feed bins | 230 | 53 (23.0) | 10 (4.4) | 17 (7.4) | 12 (5.2) | 11 (4.8) | 14 (6.1) | |
Silo | 85 | 26 (30.6) | 3 (3.5) | 7 (8.2) | 8 (9.4) | 8 (9.4) | 6 (7.1) | |
Other | 39 | 13 (33.3) | 2 (5.1) | 7 (18.0) | 2 (5.1) | 2 (5.1) | 3 (7.7) | |
Animals on property | ||||||||
Cats | No | 64 | 13 (20.3) | 3 (4.7) | 4 (6.3) | 2 (3.1) | 5 (7.8) | 3 (4.7) |
Yes | 435 | 111 (25.5) | 21 (4.8) | 41 (9.4) | 26 (6.0) | 23 (5.3) | 26 (6.0) | |
Dogs | No | 22 | 5 (22.7) | 1 (4.6) | 3 (13.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.1) |
Yes | 477 | 119 (25.0) | 23 (4.8) | 42 (8.8) | 28 (5.9) | 28 (5.9) | 27 (5.7) | |
Pigs | No | 499 | 124 (24.9) | 24 (4.8) | 45 (9.0) | 28 (5.6) | 28 (5.6) | 29 (5.8) |
Yes | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Goats | No | 465 | 112 (24.1) | 24 (5.2) | 42 (9.0) | 24 (5.2) | 23 (5.0) | 27 (5.8) |
Yes | 34 | 12 (35.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (8.8) | 4 (11.8) | 5 (14.7) | 2 (5.9) | |
Dairy cattle | No | 383 | 95 (24.8) | 19 (5.0) | 36 (9.4) | 19 (5.0) | 21 (5.5) | 21 (5.5) |
Yes | 116 | 29 (25.0) | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | 9 (7.8) | 7 (6.1) | 8 (6.9) | |
Beef cattle | No | 101 | 14 (13.9) | 3 (3.0) | 7 (6.9) | 4 (4.0) | 1 (1.0) | 2 (2.0) |
Yes | 398 | 110 (27.6) | 21 (5.2) | 38 (9.5) | 24 (6.0) | 27 (6.8) | 27 (6.8) | |
Sheep | No | 217 | 46 (21.2) | 5 (2.3) | 19 (8.8) | 9 (4.2) | 10 (4.6) | 11 (5.1) |
Yes | 282 | 78 (27.6) | 19 (6.7) | 26 (9.2) | 19 (6.7) | 18 (6.4) | 18 (6.4) | |
Deer | No | 451 | 110 (24.4) | 22 (4.9) | 37 (8.2) | 26 (5.8) | 26 (5.8) | 26 (5.8) |
Yes | 48 | 14 (29.2) | 2 (4.2) | 8 (16.7) | 2 (4.2) | 2 (4.2) | 3 (6.3) | |
Animals on property vaccinated for lepto ^ | No | 305 | 73 (23.9) | 14 (4.6) | 31 (10.1) | 12 (3.9) | 16 (5.3) | 19 (6.2) |
Yes | 130 | 31 (23.9) | 9 (6.9) | 12 (9.2) | 7 (5.4) | 7 (5.4) | 5 (3.9) | |
Do not know | 64 | 20 (31.3) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (3.1) | 9 (14.1) | 5 (7.8) | 5 (7.8) | |
Contact with other animals | ||||||||
Contact with cattle | No | 77 | 9 (11.7) | 2 (2.6) | 5 (6.5) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) |
Yes | 422 | 115 (27.3) | 22 (5.2) | 40 (9.5) | 27 (6.4) | 27 (6.4) | 28 (6.6) | |
Graze horses same time as cattle | No | 321 | 76 (23.7) | 14 (4.4) | 28 (8.8) | 14 (4.4) | 14 (4.4) | 19 (5.9) |
Yes | 178 | 48 (27.0) | 10 (5.6) | 17 (9.6) | 14 (7.9) | 14 (7.9) | 10 (5.6) | |
Graze horses alternately with cattle | No | 151 | 26 (17.2) | 8 (5.3) | 16 (10.6) | 1 (0.7) | 5 (3.3) | 4 (2.7) |
Yes | 348 | 98 (28.2) | 16 (4.6) | 29 (8.3) | 27 (7.8) | 23 (6.6) | 25 (7.2) | |
Horses share water source with cattle | No | 277 | 63 (22.7) | 16 (5.8) | 25 (9.0) | 10 (3.6) | 14 (5.1) | 13 (4.7) |
Yes | 222 | 61 (27.5) | 8 (3.6) | 20 (9.0) | 18 (8.1) | 14 (6.3) | 16 (7.2) | |
Contact with cattle over fence | No | 300 | 69 (23.0) | 17 (5.7) | 27 (9.0) | 12 (4.8) | 17 (5.7) | 14 (4.7) |
Yes | 199 | 55 (27.6) | 7 (3.5) | 18 (9.1) | 16 (8.0) | 11 (5.5) | 15 (7.5) | |
Contact with sheep | No | 68 | 6 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (5.9) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.5) |
Yes | 431 | 118 (27.4) | 24 (5.6) | 41 (9.5) | 27 (6.3) | 28 (6.5) | 28 (6.5) | |
Graze horses same time as sheep | No | 340 | 86 (25.3) | 13 (3.8) | 30 (8.8) | 18 (5.3) | 18 (5.3) | 22 (6.5) |
Yes | 159 | 38 (23.9) | 11 (6.9) | 15 (9.4) | 10 (6.3) | 10(6.3) | 7 (4.4) | |
Graze horses alternately with sheep | No | 271 | 61 (22.5) | 11 (4.1) | 28 (10.3) | 9 (3.3) | 14 (5.2) | 14 (5.2) |
Yes | 228 | 63 (27.6) | 13 (5.7) | 17 (7.5) | 19 (8.3) | 14 (6.1) | 15 (6.6) | |
Horses share water source with sheep | No | 365 | 90 (24.7) | 17 (4.7) | 36 (9.9) | 16 (4.4) | 20 (5.5) | 21 (5.8) |
Yes | 134 | 34 (25.4) | 7 (5.2) | 9 (6.7) | 12 (9.0) | 8 (6.0) | 8 (6.0) | |
Contact with sheep over fence | No | 371 | 94 (25.3) | 18 (4.9) | 38 (10.2) | 18 (4.9) | 23 (6.2) | 20 (5.4) |
Yes | 128 | 30 (23.4) | 6 (4.7) | 7 (5.5) | 10 (7.8) | 5 (3.9) | 9 (7.0) | |
Contact with deer | No | 269 | 58 (21.6) | 14 (5.2) | 22 (8.2) | 13 (4.8) | 12 (4.5) | 14 (5.2) |
Yes | 230 | 66 (28.7) | 10 (4.3) | 23 (10.0) | 15 (6.5) | 16 (7.0) | 15 (6.5) | |
Graze horses same time as deer | No | 499 | 124 (24.9) | 24 (4.8) | 45 (9.0) | 28 (5.6) | 28 (5.6) | 29 (5.8) |
Yes | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Graze horses alternately with deer | No | 490 | 123 (25.1) | 24 (4.9) | 44 (9.0) | 28 (5.7) | 28 (5.7) | 29 (5.9) |
Yes | 9 | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Horses share water source with deer | No | 490 | 123 (25.1) | 24 (4.9) | 44 (9.0) | 28 (5.7) | 28 (5.7) | 29 (5.9) |
Yes | 9 | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Contact with deer over fence | No | 451 | 110 (24.4) | 22 (4.9) | 37 (8.2) | 26 (5.8) | 26 (5.8) | 26 (5.8) |
Yes | 48 | 14 (29.2) | 2 (4.2) | 8 (16.7) | 2 (4.2) | 2 (4.2) | 3 (6.3) | |
Property | 1 | 16 | 4 (25.0) | 1 (6.3) | 3 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) |
2 | 12 | 2 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
3 | 13 | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
4 | 7 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
5 | 2 | 2 (100) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100) | 1 (50.0) | |
6 | 21 | 7 (33.3) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (4.8) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (9.5) | |
7 | 8 | 4 (50) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (25.0) | |
8 | 14 | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
9 | 9 | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
10 | 18 | 2 (11.1) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
11 | 46 | 11 (23.9) | 5 (10.9) | 7 (15.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (8.7) | 1 (2.2) | |
12 | 12 | 3 (25) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (8.3) | |
13 | 19 | 6 (31.6) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (15.8) | |
14 | 11 | 4 (36.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (18.2) | 2 (18.2) | 2 (18.2) | 1 (9.1) | |
15 | 20 | 3 (15) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (15.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
16 | 12 | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (8.3) | |
17 | 9 | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
18 | 21 | 6 (28.6) | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.5) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (4.8) | |
19 | 15 | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
20 | 5 | 1 (20) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
21 | 25 | 11 (44) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (8.0) | 4 (16.0) | 5 (20.0) | 2 (8.0) | |
22 | 67 | 23 (34.3) | 5 (7.5) | 7 (10.5) | 5 (7.5) | 6 (9.0) | 5 (7.5) | |
23 | 30 | 4 (13.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.7) | |
24 | 39 | 13 (33.3) | 2 (5.1) | 7 (18.0) | 2 (5.1) | 2 (5.1) | 3 (7.7) | |
25 | 48 | 12 (25.0) | 3 (6.3) | 4 (8.3) | 2 (4.2) | 3 (6.3) | 3 (6.3) |
Risk Factor | Level | Odds Ratio | Robust SE | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value | Likelihood Ratio Test p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horse age | 1.15 | 0.03 | 1.09–1.20 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Role | Racehorse | Ref | - | - | - | <0.001 |
Broodmare | 3.02 | 0.79 | 1.80–5.05 | <0.001 | ||
Vaccinated for other pathogens | No/unsure | Ref | - | - | - | 0.001 |
Yes | 2.52 | 0.77 | 1.37–4.61 | 0.003 | ||
Region | Manawatu | Ref | - | - | - | 0.34 |
Waikato | 1.41 | 0.33 | 0.89–2.21 | 0.14 | ||
Auckland | 1.13 | 0.40 | 0.56–2.28 | 0.74 | ||
Natural water source on property | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.97 |
Yes | 1.01 | 0.30 | 0.56–1.83 | 0.97 | ||
Flooding on property in the last 12 months | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.07 |
Yes | 0.69 | 0.14 | 0.46–1.04 | 0.07 | ||
Evidence of wildlife on the property | ||||||
Rats | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.13 |
Yes | 1.55 | 0.46 | 0.86–2.78 | 0.14 | ||
Mice | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.30 |
Yes | 2.68 | 2.86 | 0.33–21.65 | 0.36 | ||
Possums | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.27 |
Yes | 1.32 | 0.34 | 0.79–2.18 | 0.29 | ||
Hedgehogs | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.09 |
Yes | 1.42 | 0.30 | 0.94–2.14 | 0.09 | ||
Rabbits | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.50 |
Yes | 0.71 | 0.36 | 0.26–1.90 | 0.49 | ||
Mustelids | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.72 |
Yes | 0.92 | 0.22 | 0.58–1.46 | 0.72 | ||
Traps for rodents on property | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.11 |
Yes | 2.90 | 2.19 | 0.66–12.72 | 0.16 | ||
Feed storage prior to opening | Feed shed | Ref | - | - | - | 0.63 |
Shed and silo | 0.65 | 0.27 | 0.29–1.45 | 0.29 | ||
Other shed | 0.82 | 0.30 | 0.40–1.68 | 0.59 | ||
Other | 1.12 | 0.33 | 0.63–1.99 | 0.69 | ||
Feed storage once opened | Sealed feed bins | Ref | - | - | - | 0.40 |
Open feed bags | 1.03 | 0.33 | 0.55–1.93 | 0.92 | ||
Unsealed feed bins | 0.86 | 0.28 | 0.45–1.65 | 0.66 | ||
Silo | 1.47 | 0.42 | 0.85–2.56 | 0.17 | ||
Other | 1.67 | 0.62 | 0.80–3.48 | 0.17 | ||
Animals on property | ||||||
Cats | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.36 |
Yes | 1.34 | 0.44 | 0.70–2.56 | 0.37 | ||
Dogs | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.81 |
Yes | 1.13 | 0.59 | 0.41–3.13 | 0.81 | ||
Goats | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.16 |
Yes | 1.72 | 0.64 | 0.82–3.58 | 0.15 | ||
Contact with other animals | ||||||
Graze horses same time as cattle | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.42 |
Yes | 1.19 | 0.25 | 0.78–1.81 | 0.42 | ||
Graze horses alternately with cattle | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.008 |
Yes | 1.88 | 0.46 | 1.16–3.05 | 0.01 | ||
Graze horses same time as sheep | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.74 |
Yes | 0.93 | 0.21 | 0.60–1.44 | 0.74 | ||
Graze horses alternately with sheep | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.19 |
Yes | 1.31 | 0.27 | 0.88–1.97 | 0.19 | ||
Yes | 0.90 | 0.22 | 0.56–1.44 | 0.67 | ||
Contact with deer over fence | No | Ref | - | - | - | 0.47 |
Yes | 1.28 | 0.43 | 0.66–2.47 | 0.47 |
Risk Factor | Level | Odds Ratio | Robust SE | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any serovar | |||||
Horse age | 1.13 | 0.03 | 1.08–1.18 | <0.001 | |
Role | Racehorse | Ref | - | - | - |
Broodmare | 1.73 | 0.46 | 1.03–2.93 | 0.04 | |
Flooding on property last 12 months | No | Ref | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.59 | 0.09 | 0.43–0.80 | 0.001 | |
Graze horses alternately with sheep | No | Ref | - | - | - |
Yes | 1.4 | 0.19 | 1.07–1.84 | 0.01 | |
Evidence of hedgehogs on the property | No | Ref | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.77 | 0.12 | 0.55–1.05 | 0.1 | |
Ballum | |||||
Role | Racehorse | Ref | - | - | - |
Broodmare | 4.49 | 2.36 | 1.29–15.6 | 0.02 | |
Grazing same time as sheep | No | Ref | - | - | - |
Yes | 2.45 | 1.06 | 1.05–5.72 | 0.03 | |
Copenhageni | |||||
Horse age | 1.14 | 0.04 | 1.07–1.22 | <0.001 | |
Ferrets on the property | No | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.16–0.91 | 0.03 | |
Hardjo (bovis) | |||||
Horses graze alternately with cattle | No | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 10.2 | 10.5 | 1.3–77.6 | 0.02 | |
Horses graze alternately with sheep | No | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1.86 | 0.78 | 0.81–4.24 | 0.14 |
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Bolwell, C.F.; Rogers, C.W.; Benschop, J.; Collins-Emerson, J.M.; Adams, B.; Scarfe, K.R.; Gee, E.K. Seroprevalence of Leptospira in Racehorses and Broodmares in New Zealand. Animals 2020, 10, 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111952
Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, Benschop J, Collins-Emerson JM, Adams B, Scarfe KR, Gee EK. Seroprevalence of Leptospira in Racehorses and Broodmares in New Zealand. Animals. 2020; 10(11):1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111952
Chicago/Turabian StyleBolwell, Charlotte F., Chris W. Rogers, Jackie Benschop, Julie M. Collins-Emerson, Brooke Adams, Katherine R. Scarfe, and Erica K. Gee. 2020. "Seroprevalence of Leptospira in Racehorses and Broodmares in New Zealand" Animals 10, no. 11: 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111952