Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microorganisms Inhabiting the Skin and Methods of Their Identification
3. Interactions between Skin Microorganisms
4. Skin as a Living Environment for Microorganisms
5. The Skin Microbiome in Different Stages of Human Development
5.1. Prenatal Stage and Childhood
5.2. Puberty and Adulthood
6. Gender and the Skin Microbiome
7. Ethnicity and the Skin Microbiome
8. Living and Working Environment
9. Antibiotics
10. Microbiome Transplantation—An Alternative to Antibiotics in the Treatment of Skin Diseases
11. Cosmetics and Clothing Textiles
12. Skin Disinfection and Its Influence on the Microbiome Condition
13. Gut–Skin Axis
14. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Skin Sites | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moist | Sebaceous | Dry | Foot | ||
Body sites location | groin, axilla, antecubital fossa, toe web | face, chest, back, | arm, leg, volar forearm | Moist—toe interdigital web space dry—plantar heel | |
Fungi | Malassezia spp. | 36% CH–80%AD | 65% CH–99%AD | 35% CH–83%AD | 53–80% |
Other fungi | Ascomycota: Aspergillus, Epicoccum, Phoma (levels >5%): 9.5%AD–40.2%CH Cladosporium, Cryptococcus | Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, Rhodotorula, Epicoccum, Saccharomyces, Candida, Epidermophyton Microsporum, Trichophyton |
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Skowron, K.; Bauza-Kaszewska, J.; Kraszewska, Z.; Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N.; Grudlewska-Buda, K.; Kwiecińska-Piróg, J.; Wałecka-Zacharska, E.; Radtke, L.; Gospodarek-Komkowska, E. Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030543
Skowron K, Bauza-Kaszewska J, Kraszewska Z, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Grudlewska-Buda K, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Radtke L, Gospodarek-Komkowska E. Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(3):543. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030543
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkowron, Krzysztof, Justyna Bauza-Kaszewska, Zuzanna Kraszewska, Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda, Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg, Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska, Laura Radtke, and Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska. 2021. "Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota" Microorganisms 9, no. 3: 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030543