Fungal Biodiversity in the Alpine Tarfala Valley
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
Moraine Locations | Sample Number | Position | Altitude | Date of Sampling |
---|---|---|---|---|
Isfallglaciären | C01 | 67°54′48.2″ N 18°35′19.8″ E | 1184 m | 25 August 2014 |
Isfallglaciären | C02 | 67°54′50.8″ N 18°35′20.2″ E | 1178 m | 25 August 2014 |
Isfallglaciären | C03 | 67°54′51.8″ N 18°35′23.4″ E | 1174 m | 25 August 2014 |
Isfallglaciären | C04 | 67°54′52.1″ N 18°35′24.3″ E | 1175 m | 26 August 2014 |
Isfallglaciären | C05 | 67°55′02.1″ N 18°35′22.3″ E | 1176 m | 26 August 2014 |
Isfallglaciären | C06 | 67°55′03.3″ N 18°35′20.4″ E | 1179 m | 26 August 2014 |
Isfallglaciären | C07 | 67°55′00.1″ N 18°35′19.5″ E | 1172 m | 26 August 2014 |
Isfallglaciären | C08 | 67°55′08.2″ N 18°35′39.3″ E | 1164 m | 27 August 2014 |
Isfallglaciären | C09 | 67°55′08.2″ N 18°35′39.3″ E | 1164 m | 27 August 2014 |
Isfallglaciären | C10 | 67°55′02.1″ N 18°35′28.0″ E | 1175 m | 27 August 2014 |
Isfallglaciären | C11 | 67°55′02.3″ N 18°35′27.9″ E | 1175 m | 28 August 2014 |
Kaskasatjåkkaglaciären | C12 | 67°55′55.7″ N 18°36′06.4″ E | 1439 m | 30 August 2014 |
Tarfalajaure Lake | C13 | 67°55′16.3″ N 18°36′28.2″ E | 1181 m | 30 August 2014 |
2.3. Soil Analyses
2.4. Isolation
2.5. DNA Extraction, Amplification and Sequencing
2.6. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Fingerprinting Statistics, Quantification and Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
Samples | C (%) | Clay (%) | Silt (%) | Sand (%) | Skeleton (>2 mm) (%) | pH(H2O) 1:2.5 | T (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C01 | 0.09 | 2 | 41 | 57 | 18 | 6.1 | 6.5 |
C02 | 0.10 | 3 | 28 | 69 | 45 | 6.5 | 7.7 |
C03 | 0.09 | 3 | 30 | 66 | 9 | 6.5 | 7.4 |
C04 | 0.08 | 3 | 32 | 65 | 12 | 6.6 | 6.9 |
C05 | 0.17 | 2 | 15 | 84 | 37 | 6.6 | 13.8 |
C06 | 0.05 | 1 | 17 | 82 | 50 | 7.2 | 10.5 |
C07 | 0.18 | 1 | 14 | 85 | 10 | 7.2 | 13.4 |
C08 | 0.06 | 2 | 16 | 82 | 10 | 6.9 | 18.8 |
C09 | 1.21 | 0 | 30 | 69 | 49 | 6.4 | 4.1 |
C10 | 0.07 | 1 | 20 | 80 | 0 | 6.7 | 12.2 |
C11 | 0.04 | 3 | 23 | 74 | 48 | 6.8 | 10.9 |
C12 | 0.20 | 4 | 27 | 69 | 2 | 6.5 | 17.4 |
C13 | 3.22 | 2 | 51 | 47 | 26 | 6.3 | 20.0 |
Taxa | C01 | C02 | C03 | C04 | C05 | C06 | C07 | C08 | C09 | C10 | C11 | C12 | C13 | CFU (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortierella globulifera O. Rostr | 31 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 21 | - | - | - | 2.7 |
Cryptococcus gilvescens Chernov & Babeva | 250 | 23 | 139 | 43 | 90 | - | 228 | 8 | 12 | - | 264 | 134 | - | 62.5 |
Pseudogymnoascus sp. | - | 7 | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | 22 | - | - | - | - | 1.7 |
Lecythophora mutabilis (J.F.H. Beyma) W. Gams & McGinnis | - | 131 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.9 |
Pezoloma ericae (D.J. Read) Baral | 15 | - | 59 | 3 | 30 | 25 | - | 11 | - | 140 | 42 | 10 | 63 | 20.9 |
Pseudogymnoascus pannorum (Link) Minnis & D.L. Lindner | - | - | - | - | 1 | 21 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 |
Elaphocordyceps sp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 12 | 17 | - | - | - | 1.5 |
Rhodotorula sp. | 33 | - | - | - | - | - | 13 | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | 2.6 |
CFU Total | 329 | 161 | 202 | 46 | 121 | 46 | 241 | 19 | 49 | 178 | 306 | 144 | 63 | 1905 |
Band a | Highest match (NCBI Accession No.) | Identity (%) b |
---|---|---|
5 | Rhodotorula sp. (JF805370.1) | 100% |
6 | Cryptococcus gilvescens (AB032678.1) | 99% |
7 | Pezoloma ericae (AM887700.1) | 99% |
Sample | C01 | C02 | C03 | C04 | C05 | C06 | C07 | C08 | C09 | C10 | C11 | C12 | C13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Richness (S) | 12 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 6 | 10 | 4 |
Shannon (Hʹ) | 1.06 | 0.9 | 0.55 | 1.01 | 1.06 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 0.75 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.87 | 0.57 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Coleine, C.; Selbmann, L.; Ventura, S.; D’Acqui, L.P.; Onofri, S.; Zucconi, L. Fungal Biodiversity in the Alpine Tarfala Valley. Microorganisms 2015, 3, 612-624. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms3040612
Coleine C, Selbmann L, Ventura S, D’Acqui LP, Onofri S, Zucconi L. Fungal Biodiversity in the Alpine Tarfala Valley. Microorganisms. 2015; 3(4):612-624. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms3040612
Chicago/Turabian StyleColeine, Claudia, Laura Selbmann, Stefano Ventura, Luigi Paolo D’Acqui, Silvano Onofri, and Laura Zucconi. 2015. "Fungal Biodiversity in the Alpine Tarfala Valley" Microorganisms 3, no. 4: 612-624. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms3040612