Clinical Applicability of Microbiota Sampling in a Subfertile Population: Urine versus Vagina
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Comparison of the Total Urine and Vaginal Bacterial Compositions
3.3. Comparison of Individual Paired Vaginal and Urine Profiles
3.4. Microbial Composition in Different Subfertility Diagnosis Categories
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Study Population n = 227 | Male Factor n = 147 | Female Factor n = 21 | Idiopathic Subfertility n = 34 | Combination * n = 21 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) a | 31.64 (4.44) | 31.09 (4.41) | 31.61 (3.13) | 34.10 (3.83) 1 | 31.01 (4.32) |
Ethnicity b | |||||
Caucasian | 197 (86.8) | 132 (89.8) | 16 (76.2) | 28 (82.4) | 17 (81.0) |
Non-Caucasian | 22 (9.7) | 11 (7.5) | 3 (14.3) | 5 (14.7) | 3 (14.3) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) a | 24.55 (4.47) | 24.67 (4.23) | 25.21 (6.33) | 22.54 (3.50) | 25.60 (4.53) |
Use of medication b | |||||
Yes | 54 (23.8) | 31 (21.1) | 4 (19.0) | 7 (20.6) | 10 (47.6) |
No | 171 (75.3) | 115 (78.2) | 17 (81.0) | 26 (76.5) | 11 (52.4) |
Menstrual cycle b | |||||
Regular | 174 (76.7) | 119 (81.0) | 17 (81.0) | 26 (76.5) | 7 (33.3) |
Mostly regular | 21 (9.3) | 14 (9.5) | 1 (4.8) | 6 (17.6) | 0 (0.0) |
Irregular | 26 (11.5) | 11 (7.5) | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (52.4) |
Absent | 2 (0.9) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) |
Duration of subfertility (years) a | 2.71 (1.88) | 2.51 (2.00) | 3.13 (1.56) | 3.48 (1.73) 2 | 2.42 (1.34) |
Bacterial Phyla/Genera/Species | Urinary Sample N = 227 (%) | Vaginal Swab N = 227 (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Anaerococcus vaginalis | 10 (4.4) | 12 (5.3) | 0.662 a |
Atopobium vaginae | 18 (7.9) | 51 (22.5) | 0.000016 a |
Bacteroides | 18 (7.9) | 18 (7.9) | 1.000 a |
BVAB2 | 13 (5.7) | 22 (9.7) | 0.113 a |
Dialister | 22 (9.7) | 25 (11.0) | 0.644 a |
Escherichia coli | 9 (4.0) | 14 (6.2) | 0.285 a |
Gardnerella vaginalis | 27 (11.9) | 50 (22.0) | 0.004 a |
Lactobacillus sp. | 9 (4.0) | 5 (2.2) | 0.278 a |
Lactobacillus crispatus | 138 (60.8) | 156 (68.7) | 0.077 a |
Lactobacillus gasseri | 24 (10.6) | 36 (15.9) | 0.096 a |
Lactobacillus iners | 136 (59.9) | 140 (61.7) | 0.701 a |
Lactobacillus jensenii | 62 (27.3) | 85 (37.4) | 0.021 a |
Leptotrichia amnionii | 12 (5.3) | 19 (8.4) | 0.193 a |
Megasphaera sp. type 1 | 17 (7.5) | 32 (14.1) | 0.005 a |
Prevotella bivia | 34 (15.0) | 31 (13.7) | 0.688 a |
Prevotella genogroup 2 | 45 (19.8) | 35 (15.4) | 0.218 a |
Streptococcus agalactiae | 2 (0.9) | 5 (2.2) | 0.449 b |
Streptococcus oralis | 11 (4.8) | 54 (23.8) | 8.3178 × 10−9 a |
Sutterella wadsworthensis | 2 (0.9) | 5 (2.2) | 0.253 b |
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Koedooder, R.; Schoenmakers, S.; Singer, M.; Bos, M.; Poort, L.; Savelkoul, P.; Morré, S.; de Jonge, J.; Budding, D.; Laven, J. Clinical Applicability of Microbiota Sampling in a Subfertile Population: Urine versus Vagina. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091789
Koedooder R, Schoenmakers S, Singer M, Bos M, Poort L, Savelkoul P, Morré S, de Jonge J, Budding D, Laven J. Clinical Applicability of Microbiota Sampling in a Subfertile Population: Urine versus Vagina. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(9):1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091789
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoedooder, Rivka, Sam Schoenmakers, Martin Singer, Martine Bos, Linda Poort, Paul Savelkoul, Servaas Morré, Jonathan de Jonge, Dries Budding, and Joop Laven. 2024. "Clinical Applicability of Microbiota Sampling in a Subfertile Population: Urine versus Vagina" Microorganisms 12, no. 9: 1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091789