Effect of Co-Inoculation with Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Growth of Persea americana Seedlings Infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacteria–Mycorrhiza Co-Inoculation Trial Design
2.2. Inoculating Seedlings with Bacterial Strains
2.3. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Selection, Propagation, and Inoculation
2.4. Propagation and Inoculation of P. cinnamomi
2.5. Greenhouse Environmental Conditions
2.6. Determination of Harvest, Growth, and Nutrition Characteristics
2.7. P. cinnamomi Infection Severity
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Bacteria–Mycorrhiza Co-Inoculation on P. Americana var. Zutano Seedlings’ Growth Parameters after Infection with P. cinnamomi
3.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3.3. Effect of Bacteria–Mycorrhiza Co-Inoculation on P. americana var. Zutano Macroelement Content after Infection with P. cinnamomi
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Scale Value | Outbreak Appearance and Disease Symptom | Root Appearance |
---|---|---|---|
GFI/B. subtilis | 1 | Visible disease symptoms. General yellowing of leaves. | Diseased rootlets between 10 y 15% |
GFI/P. putida | 1 | Visible disease symptoms. General yellowing of leaves. | Diseased rootlets between 10 y 15% |
GFI/without bacteria | 1 | Visible disease symptoms. General yellowing of leaves. | Diseased rootlets between 10 y 15% |
GWI/B. subtilis | 1 | Visible disease symptoms. General yellowing of leaves. | Diseased rootlets between 10 y 15% |
GWI/P. putida | 1 | Visible disease symptoms. General yellowing of leaves. | Diseased rootlets between 10 y 15% |
GWI/without bacteria | 3 | Generalized chlorosis, wilting, and defoliation. | Diseased rootlets > 70.1%. |
Without mycorrhiza/B. subtilis | 2 | Generalized yellowing of leaves, stunted growth, and mild wilting. | Diseased rootlets between 15,1 y 70% |
Without mycorrhiza/P. putida | 2 | Generalized yellowing of leaves, stunted growth, and mild wilting. | Diseased rootlets between 15,1 y 70% |
Without mycorrhiza/without bacteria | 3 | Generalized chlorosis, wilting, and defoliation. | Diseased rootlets > 70.1%. |
Treatment | Number of Leaves | Fresh Aerial Biomass (g) | Dry Aerial Biomass (g) | Fresh Root Biomass (g) | Dry Root Biomass (g) | Root Humidity (g) | Root Length/Root Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Media | Media | Media | Media | Media | Media | Media | |
GWI/B. subtilis | 16.66 ± 2.07 ab | 31.57 ± 7.97 a | 16.59 ± 3.98 ab | 9.13 ± 2.94 a | 3.18 ± 1.62 a | 5.94 ± 1.32 ab | 15.39 ± 7.23 b |
GWI/P. putida | 24.66 ± 5.96 bc | 72.42 ± 10.04 b | 33.49 ± 6.31 cd | 21.09 ± 1.7 b | 7.92 ± 0.49 a | 13.16 ± 1.2 d | 2.34 ± 0.58 a |
GWI/without bacteria | 17.33 ± 4.41 ab | 44.88 ± 15.41 a | 18.82 ± 6.41 ab | 10.45 ± 2.53 a | 4.50 ± 1.38 a | 5.95 ± 1.19 ab | 2.89 ± 0.32 a |
GFI/B. subtilis | 35.66 ± 6.95 d | 82.20 ± 18.31 b | 35.71 ± 8.12 cd | 15.05 ± 4.94 ab | 6.18 ± 1.79 a | 8.87 ± 3.15 abcd | 2.98 ± 0.42 a |
GFI/P. putida | 24.00 ± 4.65 bc | 66.03 ± 23.51 b | 26.71 ± 9.7 bc | 16.00 ± 5.66 ab | 5.76 ± 1.64 a | 10.24 ± 4.03 bcd | 2.80 ± 0.77 a |
GFI/without bacteria | 18.00 ± 8.53 ab | 29.95 ± 11.73 a | 11.37 ± 3.82 a | 11.59 ± 3.33 a | 4.45 ± 0.72 a | 7.14 ± 2.67 abc | 3.57 ± 0.39 a |
Without mycorrhiza/B.subtilis | 31.00 ± 13.18 cd | 74.21 ± 11.47 b | 35.48 ± 7.93 cd | 32.66 ± 19.1 c | 13.97 ± 10.42 b | 18.69 ± 8.69 e | 2.09 ± 1.38 a |
Without mycorrhiza/P. putida | 27.00 ± 5.37 c | 83.47 ± 22.11 b | 41.45 ± 15.13 d | 17.19 ± 5.02 ab | 6.31 ± 2.03 a | 10.88 ± 3.08 cd | 2.56 ± 0.84 a |
Without mycorrhiza/without bacteria | 15.00 ± 4.98 a | 34.91 ± 12.33 a | 11.50 ± 8.04 a | 7.85 ± 0.8 a | 3.22 ± 0.37 a | 5.30 ± 0.62 a | 3.30 ± 0.54 a |
Treatment | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg g−1 DM | ||||||
GWI/B. subtilis | 19.0 ± 0.8 a | 1.2 ± 0.21 a | 14.2 ± 0.1 d | 16.0 ± 0.1 i | 8.8 ± 0.1 f | 1.8 ± 0.1 bc |
GWI/P. putida | 21.8 ± 0.1 f | 1.4 ± 0.22 a | 17.7 ± 0.3 i | 12.6 ± 0.2 f | 6.9 ± 0.1 c | 2.1 ± 0.1 d |
GWI/without bacteria | 20.2 ± 0.2 b | 1.4 ± 0.29 a | 13.2 ± 0.3 a | 9.2 ± 0.1 a | 5.5 ± 0.2 a | 1.9 ± 0.1 c |
GFI/B. subtilis | 20.4 ± 0.1 c | 1.3 ± 0.11 a | 13.7 ± 0.1 b | 10.8 ± 0.1 c | 7.0 ± 0.2 c | 1.9 ± 0.1 c |
GFI/P. putida | 21.3 ± 0.3 e | 1.2 ± 0.10 a | 16.5 ± 0.2 h | 11.9 ± 0.2 e | 6.5 ± 0.2 b | 1.6 ± 0.1 a |
GFI/Sin bacteria | 19.0 ± 0.7 a | 1.2 ± 0.21 a | 15.5 ± 0.1 g | 11.0 ± 0.1 d | 6.5 ± 0.2 b | 1.7 ± 0.1 ab |
Without mycorrhiza/B. subtilis | 23.8 ± 0.5 g | 1.4 ± 0.09 a | 15.1 ± 0.1 f | 13.9 ± 0.2 g | 8.3 ± 0.2 e | 2.2 ± 0.1 d |
Without mycorrhiza/P. putida | 24.6 ± 0.2 h | 1.4 ± 0.18 a | 14.0 ± 0.1 c | 15.6 ± 0.1 h | 7.5 ± 0.1 d | 2.6 ± 0.2 e |
Without mycorrhiza/without bacteria | 2.07 ± 0.1 d | 1.4 ± 0.08 a | 14.7 ± 0.4 e | 9.6 ± 0.2 b | 6.4 ± 0.2 b | 2.2 ± 0.1 d |
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Solórzano-Acosta, R.; Toro, M.; Zúñiga-Dávila, D. Effect of Co-Inoculation with Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Growth of Persea americana Seedlings Infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040721
Solórzano-Acosta R, Toro M, Zúñiga-Dávila D. Effect of Co-Inoculation with Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Growth of Persea americana Seedlings Infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(4):721. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040721
Chicago/Turabian StyleSolórzano-Acosta, Richard, Marcia Toro, and Doris Zúñiga-Dávila. 2024. "Effect of Co-Inoculation with Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Growth of Persea americana Seedlings Infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi" Microorganisms 12, no. 4: 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040721