Henipavirus Infections: Lessons from Animal Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fruit Bats
Species | Clinical signs | Gross lesions | Histology | Virus found in | Utilisation of the model | References | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Respiratory | Neurological | Patho-logy | Immu-nology | Drugs assess-ment | Vaccine assess-ment | Epide-miology | ||||||
Fruit bat | - | - | petechial hemorrhages on urine bladder wall | granulomatous hepatitis, inflammation of bladder epithelium, vasculitis, testicular degeneration | kidney, urine, uterus | - | + | - | - | +++ | [17] | |
- | - | - | necrosis and hemorrhage of the adrenal gland | urine, rectal swab | [18,19] | |||||||
Pig | severe non-productive cough | shivering, seizures | lymph nodes hyperplasia, congestion, edema | hyperplasia of BALT, meningitis, encephalitis | lymphoid organs, CNS, lung | + | + | ++ (vet. use) | ++ (vet. use) | +++ | [20,21,22,23,24] | |
cough, respiratory distress | incoordination (transient) | congestion, hemorrhages | syncytial cells in nasal turbinates and bronchiolar epithelium | tonsils, BALF, lung, nasal turbinates, lymph nodes, swabs | [25] | |||||||
Horse | - | - | - | meningitis | - | + | - | ++ (vet. use) | ++ (vet. use) | +++ | [26] | |
increased respiratory rate, frothy nasal discharge | ataxia, head pressing, myoclonic twitches | congestion, edema, hemorrhages in lung | interstitial pneumonia, vasculitis, syncytia in endothelium | brain, lung, lymphoid organs, kidney, bronchial and oral swabs, urine | [5,18,27,28] | |||||||
Cat | tachypnea, dyspnea | - | congestion ,edema, hemorrhages, enlarged lymph nodes | acute bronchiolitis, necrotizing alveolitis, vasculitis, endothelial syncytia | lung, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes | +/- | - | + | ++ | - | [21,29,30,31] | |
dyspnea, open mouth breathing | - | hydrothorax, congestion, edema, hemorrhages | inflammation in lung, alveolar wall necrosis, vasculitis, endothelial syncytia | lung, spleen, lymph nodes | [18,32,33,34] | |||||||
Ferret | dyspnea, cough, serous nasal discharge | depression, tremors, myoclonus, hind limb paresis | edema, hemorrhages, enlarged lymph nodes | necrotizing alveolitis, glomerular necrosis, vasculitis, endothelial syncytia, meningitis | brain, lung, lymphoid organs, adrenal, kidney, testes, uterus, liver, pharyngeal and rectal swabs | + | - | ++ | ++ | - | [35,36,37,38] | |
- | depression, tremors | lung, lymphoid organs, adrenal, meninges, kidney, liver, testes, oral and rectal swabs, blood, urine | [39] | |||||||||
Squirrel Monkey | dyspnea, tachypnea | ataxia, coma, seizures | not reported | pulmonar inflammation, mild vasculitis | lung, brain, kidney, spleen | + | + | +/- | +/- | - | [40] | |
African Green Monkey | severe dyspnea, open-mouth breathing, serosanguineous nasal discharge | muscle twitches, behavioral changes, loss of balance | pleural effusion, congestion and hemorrhage in lungs, hemorrhages on mucosal surface of urinary bladder, edema and hemorrhages of the meninges | endothelial syncytial cells, vasculitis, meningitis, inflammation, fibrinoid necrosis | liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, lung, lymph nodes, pancreas, sex organs, urine, nasal swabs | +++ | + | +++ | +++ | - | [41,42] | |
nasal discharge, labored breathing | muscle twitches, seizures | pulmonary consolidation, congestion of lungs, enlarged lymph nodes, congested liver, inflammation of gastrointestinal tract, congestion in the brain | alveolar hemorrhages, pulmonary edema and inflammation, alveolitis, fibrinoid necrosis, vasculitis, meningitis | lung, lymph nodes, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, brain, urinary bladder, sex organs | [43,44] | |||||||
IFNAR KO mouse | - | behavioral troubles, ataxia, pain, paralysis | brain and lung congestion, edema of bladder wall, hemorrhages, necrosis in liver and kidney | vasculitis, inflammation, meningitis, encephalitis, necrotizing alveolitis | brain, lung, spleen, liver | + | +++ | +++ | + | - | [45] | |
- | brain and lung congestion, hemorrhages | vasculitis, meningitis, encephalitis, gliosis, necrotizing alveolitis | brain, lung, spleen, liver | [45] | ||||||||
Aged mouse | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | + | + | - | - | - | |
- | ataxia, muscle tremors | - | encephalitis, meningitis | brain, transiently in lung | [46] | |||||||
Hamster | labored breathing, serosanguineous nasal exudates | imbalance, muscle twitching, tremor, limb paralysis | edema, hemorrhages, congestion | vasculitis, meningitis, encephalitis, endothelial syncytia | lung, nasal epithelium, CNS, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, bladder, urine | +++ | +/- | ++ | ++ | + | [47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55565758] | |
Hamster | acute respiratory distress, serosanguineous nasal discharge | imbalance, ataxia, muscle twitching, limb paralysis | inflammation and edema of the lungs | inflammation, alveolitis, necrotizing vasculitis, meningitis, encephalitis, hemorhage in the brain, neuronal necrosis, gliosis, endothelial syncytial cells | spleen, kidney, heart, lung, brain, liver | [48,56,58,59] | ||||||
Guinea pig | - | mild behavioral changes, ataxia | mesenteric edema | vasculitis, lymphoid depletion, endothelial syncytia with fibrinoid necrosis, edema, hemorrhage and ulceration of the urinary bladder, meningitis | heart, kidney, lymph nodes, uterus | -/+ | - | - | - | - | [17] | |
- | head tilt | congestion, cyanosis, edema | pulmonar fibrinoid necrosis, vasculitis, endothelial syncytia, encephalitis | brain, kidney, urine, uterus, placenta | [34,60,61] |
3. Farm and Domestic Animals
3.1. Pigs
3.2. Horses
3.3. Cats
3.4. Ferrets
4. Non-Human Primate Models
5. Rodent Models
5.1. Golden Syrian Hamster
5.2. Guinea Pig
5.3. Mice
5.3.1. Aged Mice
5.3.2. Transgenic Mice
6. Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
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Dhondt, K.P.; Horvat, B. Henipavirus Infections: Lessons from Animal Models. Pathogens 2013, 2, 264-287. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens2020264
Dhondt KP, Horvat B. Henipavirus Infections: Lessons from Animal Models. Pathogens. 2013; 2(2):264-287. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens2020264
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhondt, Kévin P., and Branka Horvat. 2013. "Henipavirus Infections: Lessons from Animal Models" Pathogens 2, no. 2: 264-287. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens2020264