Family-Run Pig Farms: Research and Extension Activities for Parasite Control in a Municipality in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Location
4.2. Study Design and Collection of Biological Samples
4.3. Laboratory Processing
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parasites | Family Pig-Farming Properties | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A (n = 36) | B (n = 3) | C (n = 6) | D (n = 27) | E (n = 8) | F (n = 4) | G (n = 15) | H (n = 28) | I (n = 41) | J (n = 12) | Total (n = 180) | p Value | |
Phylum Ciliophora | 19 (52.8%) | 2 (66.7%) | 1 (16.7%) | 25 (92.6%) | 7 (87.5%) | 3 (75%) | 14 (93.3%) | 25 (89.3%) | 20 (48.8%) | 11 (91.7%) | 127 (70.5%) | 0.00 * |
Coccidia oocysts | 16 (44.4%) | 0 | 1 (16.7%) | 10 (37%) | 5 (62.5%) | 0 | 10 (66.7%) | 13 (46.4%) | 4 (9.7%) | 10 (83.3%) | 69 (38.3%) | 0.00 * |
Amoebids | 1 (2.8%) | 0 | 0 | 2 (7.4%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (6.7%) | 1 (3.6%) | 0 | 0 | 5 (2.8%) | 1 |
Blastocystis sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (25%) | 0 | 0 | 2 (7.1%) | 5 (12.2%) | 0 | 7 (3.9%) | 0.61 |
A. suum | 24 (66.7%) | 3 (100%) | 4 (66.7%) | 0 | 3 (37.5%) | 0 | 2 (13.3%) | 16 (57.15%) | 2 (4.9%) | 4 (33.3%) | 58 (32.2%) | 0.00 * |
T. suis | 6 (16.7%) | 2 (66.7%) | 0 | 8 (29.6%) | 2 (25%) | 0 | 2 (13.3%) | 3 (10.7%) | 0 | 8 (66.7%) | 31 (17.2%) | 0.009 * |
Strongyles | 19 (52.7%) | 1 (33.3%) | 5 (83.3%) | 19 (70.4%) | 8 (100%) | 4 (100%) | 10 (66.7%) | 24 (89.3%) | 1 (2.4%) | 11 (91.7%) | 102 (56.7%) | 0.00 * |
S. ransomi | 18 (50%) | 1 (33.3%) | 3 (50%) | 16 (59.2%) | 5 (63.5%) | 0 | 6 (40%) | 20 (71.4%) | 0 | 11 (91.7%) | 80 (44.4%) | 0.00 * |
Nematode larvae | 2 (5.5%) | 0 | 1 (16.7%) | 0 | 1 (12.5%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3.5%) | 0 | 2 (16.7%) | 7 (3.9%) | 0.59 |
Capillaria sp. | 1 (2.8%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.5%) | 1 |
Subtotal | 32 (88.9%) | 3 (100%) | 6 (100%) | 25 (92.6%) | 8 (100%) | 4 (100%) | 14 (93.3%) | 27 (96.4%) | 25 (61%) | 11 (91.7%) | 155 (86.1%) | |
Ectoparasites | A (n = 35) | B (n = 3) | C (n = 5) | D (n = 19) | E (n = 8) | F (n = 3) | G (n = 7) | H (n = 21) | I (n = 32) | J (n = 9) | Total (n = 142) | p Value |
S. scabiei var. suis | 0 | 0 | 2 (40%) | 0 | 1 (12.5%) | 0 | 1 (14.3%) | 1 (4.8%) | 0 | 0 | 5 (3.5%) | 1 |
D. phylloides | 1 (2.9%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.7%) | 1 |
Arthropod egg | 0 | 0 | 1 (20%) | 0 | 3 (37.5%) | 0 | 2 (28.6%) | 1 (4.8%) | 2 (6.2%) | 0 | 9 (6.3%) | 1 |
Subtotal | 1 (2.8%) | 0 | 2 (4%) | 0 | 4 (50%) | 0 | 2 (28.6%) | 2 (9.5%) | 2 (6.2%) | 0 | 13 (9.1%) |
Information | Parasite | Phylum Ciliophora | Coccidia Oocysts | A. suum | T. suis | Strongyles | S. ransomi | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | p Value | % | p Value | % | p Value | % | p Value | % | p Value | % | p Value | % | p Value | |
Sex | ||||||||||||||
Male (n = 71) | 84.5 | 0.6623b | 67.6 | 0.5067b | 35.2 | 0.5324b | 25.3 | 0.1419b | 16.9 | 1b | 47.9 | 0.06b | 35.2 | 0.0476b * |
Female (n = 109) | 87.1 | 72.5 | 40.4 | 36.7 | 19.4 | 62.4 | 50.4 | |||||||
Age range | ||||||||||||||
Initiation (n = 79) | 72.1 | 0.0000a * | 55.7 | 0.005a * | 39.2 | 0.4986a | 27.8 | 0.1924a | 24 | 0.0616a | 40.5 | 0.006a * | 38 | 0.3026a |
Growing (n = 28) | 100 | 85.7 | 28.6 | 46.4 | 17.9 | 67.8 | 50 | |||||||
Fatteners (n = 73) | 95.9 | 80.8 | 41.1 | 86.3 | 9.6 | 69.9 | 49.3 | |||||||
Property type | ||||||||||||||
Backyard of the homes (n = 47) | 91.5 | 0.3257b | 59.6 | 0.06b * | 44.6 | 1b | 63.8 | 0.0000b * | 21.3 | 1b | 59.6 | 0.1472b | 51.06 | 0.6305b |
Little farm (n = 133) | 84.2 | 74.4 | 36.1 | 21.1 | 15.7 | 55.6 | 42.1 | |||||||
Stocking and categorization of animals by pig pen | ||||||||||||||
There is no set number (n = 99) | 92.9 | 0.0058a * | 76.8 | 0.111a | 54.5 | 0.000a * | 49.5 | 0.0000a * | 21.2 | 0.2338a | 72.7 | 0.0000a * | 60.1 | 0.0000a * |
Divide pigs by age group (n = 77) | 76.6 | 62.3 | 19.5 | 11.7 | 12.9 | 36.7 | 25.9 | |||||||
Only one pig per pen (n = 4) | 100 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | |||||||
Facilities type | ||||||||||||||
Collective bays with cement wall (n = 100) | 81 | 0.06a | 73 | 0.0238a * | 27 | 0.003a * | 18 | 0.0000a * | 11 | 0.0275a * | 48 | 0.0005a * | 36 | 0.0211a * |
Collective bays with cement wall, wooden or bamboo fence (n = 41) | 95.1 | 80.5 | 63.4 | 31.7 | 29.3 | 82.9 | 60.9 | |||||||
Collective bays with cement and wood wall (n = 39) | 89.7 | 70.6 | 41.03 | 69 | 20.5 | 51.3 | 48.7 | |||||||
Roof pen | ||||||||||||||
Totally covered with fiber cement tile, galvanized or PVC (n = 168) | 85.7 | 1b | 69 | 0.1140b | 35.1 | 0.001b * | 32.1 | 1b | 13.7 | 0.0001b * | 54.1 | 0.0135b * | 41.1 | 0.0006b * |
Partially covered with fiber cement tile (n = 12) | 91.7 | 91.7 | 83.3 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 91.6 | 91.7 | |||||||
Floor of the buildings | ||||||||||||||
Naked soil or deteriorated cement (n = 33) | 93.4 | 0.262b | 78.8 | 0.2958b | 63.6 | 0.001b * | 30.3 | 0.8399b | 30.3 | 0.0397b * | 78.8 | 0.005b * | 60.6 | 0.051b |
Cemented or concreted (n = 147) | 84.4 | 68.7 | 32.6 | 32.7 | 14.3 | 51.7 | 40.8 | |||||||
Water to cool the pig | ||||||||||||||
Yes (n = 36) | 88.9 | 0.788b | 52.8 | 0.0134b * | 44.4 | 0.445b | 66.7 | 0.0000b * | 16.7 | 1b | 52.7 | 0.7073b | 50 | 0.4056b |
No (n = 144) | 85.4 | 75 | 36.8 | 23.7 | 17.4 | 57.6 | 43.06 | |||||||
Habit of throwing water on the body of pigs to refresh them | ||||||||||||||
Yes (n = 180) | 86.1 | NA | 70.5 | NA | 38.3 | NA | 32.2 | NA | 17.2 | NA | 56.7 | NA | 44.4 | NA |
Supply of drinking water | ||||||||||||||
Ad libitum (n = 159) | 84.9 | 0.316b | 71 | 0.7992b | 36.5 | 0.231b | 29.6 | 0.0467b * | 13.2 | 0.0005b * | 53.5 | 0.019b * | 40.8 | 0.100b |
Provided two or three times a day (n = 21) | 95.2 | 66.7 | 52.4 | 52.4 | 47.6 | 80.9 | 71.4 | |||||||
Type of drinking fountains | ||||||||||||||
Cement fountain (n = 52) | 96.15 | 0.004a * | 80.8 | 0.1250a | 46.1 | 0.0002a * | 48.1 | 0.0000a * | 13.5 | 0.0564a | 76.9 | 0.000a * | 57.7 | 0.0000a * |
Nipple type (n = 72) | 75 | 66.7 | 19.4 | 2.7 | 11.1 | 33.3 | 22.2 | |||||||
Cut tire and plastic bowls (n = 8) | 100 | 87.5 | 62.5 | 37.5 | 25 | 100 | 62.5 | |||||||
Cement lame and plastic bowls (48) | 89.6 | 62.5 | 54.2 | 58.3 | 29.2 | 62.5 | 60.4 | |||||||
Food provided to pig | ||||||||||||||
Remains of human and agricultural food, wheat bran and/or barley (n = 63) | 95.2 | 0.000a * | 90.5 | 0.000a * | 60.3 | 0.0000a * | 39.7 | 0.0000a * | 23.8 | 0.0067a * | 84.1 | 0.0000a * | 66.7 | 0.0000a * |
Remains of human and agricultural food, maize or rice flour (n = 45) | 91.1 | 48.9 | 37.8 | 68.9 | 17.8 | 55.6 | 48.9 | |||||||
Agricultural remainder and specific pig feed and wheat bran (n = 41) | 60.9 | 48.8 | 9.8 | 4.9 | 0 | 2.4 | 0 | |||||||
Horse feed, wheat bran, corn flour or rice and corn (n = 27) | 92.6 | 92.6 | 37 | 0 | 29.6 | 70.4 | 59.3 | |||||||
Corn bran for pig (n = 4) | 100 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | |||||||
Feeder | ||||||||||||||
Cement feeder on the floor (n = 123) | 83.7 | 0.462a | 76.4 | 0.001a * | 34.1 | 0.0022a * | 18.7 | 0.0000a * | 12.2 | 0.000a * | 53.6 | 0.0710a | 38.2 | 0.0042a * |
Directly on the floor (n = 36) | 88.9 | 52.8 | 44.4 | 66.7 | 16.7 | 52.8 | 50 | |||||||
Floor and feeder (n = 9) | 100 | 33.3 | 11.1 | 77.8 | 22.2 | 66.7 | 44.4 | |||||||
Floor, plastic bowls and tire (n = 12) | 91.7 | 91.7 | 83.3 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 91.7 | 91.7 |
Information | Parasites | Phylum Ciliophora | Coccidia oocysts | A. suum | Trichuris suis | Strongylus | S. ransomi | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | p Value | % | p Value | % | p Value | % | p Value | % | p Value | % | p Value | % | p Value | |
Presence of fly | ||||||||||||||
Yes (n = 137) | 82.5 | 0.010b * | 65.7 | 0.0121b * | 37.2 | 0.594b | 26.3 | 0.0045b * | 17.5 | 1b | 47.4 | 0.0000b * | 39.4 | 0.0216b * |
No (n = 43) | 97.7 | 86.1 | 41.9 | 51.2 | 16.3 | 86.1 | 60.5 | |||||||
Blood in pig feces | ||||||||||||||
No (n = 180) | 86.1 | NA | 70.5 | NA | 38.3 | NA | 32.2 | NA | 17.2 | NA | 56.7 | NA | 44.4 | NA |
Anti-parasitic medicine | ||||||||||||||
Yes (n = 180) | 86.1 | NA | 70.5 | NA | 38.3 | NA | 32.2 | NA | 17.2 | NA | 56.7 | NA | 44.4 | NA |
Caring for the piglets | ||||||||||||||
Breastfeeding after birth and/or teeth cutting (n = 105) | 93.3 | 0.0017b * | 73.3 | 0.4071b * | 52.4 | 0.000b * | 50.5 | 0.0000b * | 20 | 0.3173b | 73.3 | 0.0000b * | 60 | 0.0000b * |
Breastfeeding after birth, vaccination, iron supplementation and sterilization (n = 75) | 76 | 66.7 | 18.7 | 6.6 | 13.3 | 33.3 | 22.7 | |||||||
Accumulation of excreta in the pig enclosure | ||||||||||||||
Yes (n = 31) | 96.8 | 0.05b | 75 | 0.6702b | 50 | 0.1615b | 37.5 | 0.5332b | 18.7 | 0.7984b | 75 | 0.0294b * | 46.9 | 0.8451b |
No (n = 148) | 83.8 | 69.6 | 35.8 | 31.1 | 16.9 | 52.7 | 43.9 | |||||||
How to wash the environment | ||||||||||||||
Water (n = 168) | 85.7 | 1b | 69.1 | 0.114b | 35.1 | 0.0013b * | 32.1 | 1b | 13.7 | 0.0001b * | 54.1 | 0.0135b * | 41.1 | 0.0000b * |
Not clean the environment, uses straw bedding (n = 12) | 91.7 | 91.7 | 83.3 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 91.7 | 91.7 | |||||||
Sanitary break/Use of the flamethrower as a broom | ||||||||||||||
No (n = 180) | 86.1 | NA | 70.5 | NA | 38.3 | NA | 32.2 | NA | 17.2 | NA | 56.7 | NA | 44.4 | NA |
Cleaning utensils intended only for cleaning the pig facility | ||||||||||||||
Yes (n = 177) | 85.8 | 1b | 70.6 | 1b | 38.9 | 0.2868b | 31.07 | 0.0322b * | 16.4 | 0.077b * | 57.6 | 0.5796b | 44.6 | 1b |
No (n = 3) | 100 | 66.7 | 0 | 100 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 33.3 | |||||||
Specific clothing only for handling pigs | ||||||||||||||
Yes (n = 8) | 100 | 0.332a | 87.5 | 0.062a | 62.5 | 0.017a * | 37.5 | 0.2564a | 25 | 0.779a | 100 | 0.0251a * | 62.5 | 0.5511a |
No (n = 157) | 84.7 | 67.5 | 34.4 | 33.7 | 17.02 | 53.5 | 43.9 | |||||||
Sporadically (n = 15) | 93.3 | 93.3 | 66.7 | 13.33 | 13.3 | 66.7 | 40 |
Information | Multivariate Logistic Regression | |
---|---|---|
p-Value (p ≤ 0.05) | OR Adjusted (95% CI) | |
Gastrointestinal parasite | ||
Age range | 0.0003 | 3.9153 (1.8810–8.1497) |
Form of the Phylum Ciliophora | ||
Age range | 0.0096 | 1.6960 (1.1372–2.5294) |
Coccidia oocysts | ||
Food provided to pig | 0.008 | 5.6971 (1.5761–20.593) |
How to wash the environment | 0.0391 | 5.4707 (1.0884–27.496) |
Caring for the piglets | 0.0004 | 3.9851 (1.8515–8.5773) |
Ascaris suum | ||
Facilities type | 0.0087 | 8.9037 (1.7374–45.6286) |
Strongyles | ||
Age range | 0.0109 | 1.7479 (1.1371–2.6870) |
How to wash the environment | 0.0469 | 8.6966 (1.0302–73.4132) |
Floor of the buildings | 0.0465 | 8.6587 (1.0341–72.4980) |
Strongyloides ransomi | ||
Food provided to pig | 0.0001 | 9.7365 (3.0710–30.8694) |
Caring for the piglets | 0.0004 | 3.6347 (1.7915–7.3744) |
How to wash the environment | 0.0253 | 11.0733 (1.3465–91.0613) |
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Class, C.; Silveira, R.; Fialho, P.; Silva, L.; Lobão, L.; Amendoeira, M.R.; Barbosa, A. Family-Run Pig Farms: Research and Extension Activities for Parasite Control in a Municipality in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Pathogens 2022, 11, 971. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11090971
Class C, Silveira R, Fialho P, Silva L, Lobão L, Amendoeira MR, Barbosa A. Family-Run Pig Farms: Research and Extension Activities for Parasite Control in a Municipality in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Pathogens. 2022; 11(9):971. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11090971
Chicago/Turabian StyleClass, Camila, Renato Silveira, Priscila Fialho, Letícia Silva, Lucas Lobão, Maria Regina Amendoeira, and Alynne Barbosa. 2022. "Family-Run Pig Farms: Research and Extension Activities for Parasite Control in a Municipality in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil" Pathogens 11, no. 9: 971. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11090971
APA StyleClass, C., Silveira, R., Fialho, P., Silva, L., Lobão, L., Amendoeira, M. R., & Barbosa, A. (2022). Family-Run Pig Farms: Research and Extension Activities for Parasite Control in a Municipality in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Pathogens, 11(9), 971. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11090971