Configuration of Subjectivities and the Application of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Medellin, Colombia
Abstract
1. Introduction
Authoritarian Neoliberalism and Neoconservatism: Markers of Contemporary Subjectivity
2. Methodology
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection Technique
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Merit: Conceptions of Success and Personal Wellbeing as a Product of Individual Effort
I am referring to the country’s tradition of freedom and work. That is, what [former president] Uribe used to say, that of ‘work, work and work’ and get things on your own.(RM-3)
We on the right prefer to work, to have our own things and to be able to make decisions, to say whether things are being done well or badly, that is, freedom, which is the priority for a citizen.(RM-5)
How have these rich people made their savings, their properties? With immense effort, they have worked, they have saved, how are they going to take from them to give to someone who has done nothing? You have to give the person the hook to fish, not the fish.(RW-8)
They say that they are going to take from the rich to give to the poor, but do you know what I think? That when people are given things without any effort, they do not value it and they do not go to work, they expect the government to give them. What happens in Venezuela, why all those people who came to Colombia are practically criminals, why? Because there they were given everything and they did not work; then, when there was nothing left to give them, they started […] What happens is that they are not taught to work, so they do nothing.(RW-8)
3.2. Order and Progress: Neoliberalism and the Securitarian State
I: So you represent democracy and freedom and they don’t? [referring to the leftist and social democratic political parties].
P: I think so. People know that. I didn’t like Fico2, until he started to say that he defended democracy, enterprises and freedom. They are different models of country, some seek to create companies and others to expropriate.
I: What is democracy and freedoms for you?
P: Defending the liberal model as we know it. With free economy and private initiative.(CRW-1)
I love the private sector, the scope it can have […] The little that the State manages, is extremely bad, they are inefficient. Likewise, health. For me, the best thing that has happened is Law 1003. All things have their pros and cons, but if we look at Law 100, there are more pros than cons.(RW-11)
Things should be done in the established order. The constitution is a magna carta, it cannot be corroded, it cannot be changed, just as one can change one’s shirt; therefore, if there is an established order, it cannot be interrupted.(RW-2)
Institutionality and the defense of good customs—(laughs) it sounds very facho,4 but, if you look at it, we are the ones who have defended institutionality.(RM-3)
I think that societies and peoples need a ‘firm hand and a big heart’5 and today the world has Nayib Bukele as a reference.6 He is applying a model of government in El Salvador and is achieving a great political, social and economic transformation. Because this is the way things should be. Tough and firm decisions generate respect for the power of the State, that coercive power to enforce respect for institutionality and the legal system… I think that today the country needs a Bukele, it needs a man capable of applying a firm hand.(RM-4)
I support the police and I agree that, if that one is a vandal, who is destroying this bank, who is destroying the traffic lights, simply because I felt like it […] Why do they leave him in jail to fatten them up and let them continue committing crimes? The bullet and see you later […] Every day it was riots [Referring to the social outburst of 2021] ending with everything […] that is vandalism. That is not protest.(RW-6)
3.3. “We Are Good People”: Social and Moral Conservatism
[We are] The good people… People who do not sit with narcos, nor with corrupt people nor with bandits… we defend institutionality, we are not criminals.(RM-3)
The good ones are more […] the normal, working people, the normal families […] people who go out to work, who go out to fight for it. For me, those are the good guys. The people who are responsible…(RW-13)
Today the country needs a man who is capable of applying an iron fist, starting with education, training and at the same time investing in infrastructure, in weapons, so that the State can enforce the law. The Colombian army and the national police must be given an example so that they fulfill their duties.(RM-4)
I believe that a believing president is necessary, with very good ideas, because he will not expropriate private property and will preserve the moral order.(CRW-5)
P: What a marvel Bukele. I like his style very much. He picks up what most people are looking for […] I wish we had someone like Bukele here. He is the answer to the fear of staying in a society full of violent people, of losing democracy and falling even deeper into poverty. If you eliminate all criminals from society, you can have better results to overcome inequality and poverty […] How can we not want a Bukele?
I: When you say ‘we want’, who do you mean?
P: Not only conservatives, but people who defend the country and democracy.(RW-5)
Uribe’s first government was the best in the history of Colombia, because he tried to impose order, security. The only thing Uribe did was to try to impose democratic security and that worked. He put an end to the FARC.(RM-8)
If you were taught from childhood to love the country, to respect the civic minimums, the constitution and authority, you would not have a country full of narco-terrorists […] Here we need to strengthen the armed forces, the love of the citizen for those men and women who go through hardships in the jungles and mountains. I am not ashamed to say that I like authority.(RW-5)
Because I am paisa and very conservative in my traditions. I like us paisas to be the best, to be recognized […] The economic opening in general, is something inevitable and important for what the world demands nowadays […] For that reason, the indigenous people are a very serious problem… I have jokingly said several times…. I feel that the indigenous are a demographic problem, because the indigenous close roads, take away productive land to make it unproductive or to plant coca.(RM-10)
3.4. Negative Conceptions of Social Policies
I feel anger because I see that this gentleman [Petro8] is leading us to the chaos typical of 21st century socialism. They arrive with a discourse of citizen indignation, full of angry slogans and end up worse.(RM-2)
They are people who have no sense of responsibility, they do not want this country, which is rich in everything, but what did they do? They mounted that guerrilla [referring to Petro] and they are ending up with everything.(RW-6)
The current model [referring to the Petro government] is more about giving away, subsidizing health, limiting the quality of the service, right? Because it is so subsidized, it limits its evolution and technification. So, that is where we are getting stuck.(RM-9)
The one who should manage a country is an economist or a businessman. The State is an administrator of resources, it is a company, the country has to generate money to improve the quality of life.(CR-9)
Now young people want to stay at home without making an effort. There are very few who really want to study and get ahead. They want to sit around, receiving subsidies.(RW-13)
A boy who is given a million pesos? That destroys a country. Because that comes out of the taxes we all pay. And apart from that, they are not encouraging him to study and make an effort. This happens with leftist governments, like Venezuela, which did away with subsidies. That was a rich country, can you imagine what Colombia is going to be like?(RW-13)
They strive to turn the people into beggars, who no longer want to do anything, but are only waiting for aid, why don’t they teach people to work?(RW-6)
I feel anger, because the fools9 want everything to be given away, everything to be easy.(RM-3)
I think that the reforms of this government have been disastrous and have thrown the country backwards. The country is in a very big decline, insecurity has increased, we are in an unattainable free fall, unfortunately. If this is not stopped in time, there will be no one who can save Colombia. Colombia could end up worse than Venezuela.(RW-5)
The policy that Gustavo Petro tried to establish… what socialism, what communism, what the damned Yankees; this anti-capitalist discourse makes the common people celebrate him, but this does not necessarily mean that it is good for the country.(CRM-1)
How are we living now? With fear of everything. Look at the cost of living […] I have already started to cut back on the market, because I can’t anymore, everything is going up […] It doesn’t seem fair to me, everything is too expensive […] We are going to end up like in the 90’s, when they started killing policemen […] sometimes I feel anguish and disappointment when they start saying that they are going to leave us pensioners without a penny […] What am I going to do on my own, how am I going to live, I have all these unpleasant emotions…(RW-6)
The first thing the leftists want to do is to create total chaos, so they can make laws and take over the country, it’s as simple as that.(RM-1)
Companies are running out, people are leaving the country, they have left their companies and are going to invest elsewhere, because it is difficult here. Think about it, people who have money and who are going to take a little bit of land to give it to others, they will surely sell and take everything, because it is their life savings, their work. It seems terrible to me.(RW-8)
Argentina was ruined by the left, so was Chile, the same thing happened to Ecuador, Bolivia, let alone Bolivia. Venezuela is next door, it was the richest country in Latin America and ended up the poorest. The left sells the idea that the State is the father of everything and will give you everything and people do not go back to work. They expect the market, that they will pay for school, that services will be free, that everything will be free. That does not work, that leads to failure.(RM-8)
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | The original Spanish phrase “gente de bien” can be translated as “good people” or “people of goodness”, and is complex in its meaning. On the one hand, it can imply a certain righteousness or superiority in terms of complying with the social norms. On the other hand, it can also be used ironically by those who do not belong to the “good people” to highlight the hypocrisy of those who believe they do. |
2 | Mayor of the city of Medellín, characterized for being a member of right-wing parties and sympathetic to the radical right-wing ideas of former President Álvaro Uribe Vélez. |
3 | This law privatized social security in Colombia, creating the Health Promoting Entities (Entidades Promotoras de Salud), which collected public resources from health care contributors to manage and administer “the service” (not the right) and the Private Pension Funds, which were intended to administer citizens’ pensions, via individual savings. |
4 | Word used in Colombia to refer to a person who is related to fascist or radical right-wing ideas. |
5 | Slogan of former President Álvaro Uribe Vélez during his government and now, slogan of his party. |
6 | Current president of El Salvador, characterized by his security policies linked to an iron fist discourse against crime, who has also taken an authoritarian drift in political terms, concentrating the power of the Salvadoran State in his person. |
7 | Word used to identify people born in the department of Antioquia, whose capital is Medellín. |
8 | Current president of Colombia, of progressive left-wing political affiliation. In the 1980s, he was a member of the M-19 guerrilla movement, which in 1990 signed a peace agreement with the Colombian government and was reintegrated into civilian and political life. |
9 | In Spanish, the original word is “mamertos”—a derogatory expression to refer to left-wing people. |
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Category (Second-Level Theoretical Code) | First-Level Theoretical Code | Right Men (RM) | Right Women (RW) | Center-Right Men (CRM) | Center-Right Women (CRW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Merit, conceptions of success and personal well-being as a product of individual effort | Personal effort and sacrifice | ||||
(Market) freedom and prosperity | |||||
Justice to the best: the entrepreneur model of subjectivity. | Stories and narratives of the participants. | ||||
Justice and responsibility: ‘the poor are poor because they want to be’. | |||||
2. Order and progress: neoliberalism and the securitarian state | Privatization and the need for security | ||||
Authoritarianism: the State as guarantor of order and progress | |||||
Public forces, security state and repression | |||||
3. ‘We are good people1’. Social and moral conservatism | Moral superiority | ||||
Following a leader who upholds and defends these values | |||||
Monopolization of patriotism | |||||
Aversion towards progressive and leftist people. | |||||
4. Negative conceptions of social policies that include diversities and minorities | Welfare and market distortions | ||||
Reduction of the social rule of law—confrontation of ESC rights | |||||
Anticommunism and stigmas to progressivism and social democracy: catastrophist vision (‘Seremos Venezuela’) |
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Villa-Gómez, J.D.; Mejia-Giraldo, J.F.; Gutiérrez-Peña, M.; Novozhenina, A. Configuration of Subjectivities and the Application of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Medellin, Colombia. Soc. Sci. 2025, 14, 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14080482
Villa-Gómez JD, Mejia-Giraldo JF, Gutiérrez-Peña M, Novozhenina A. Configuration of Subjectivities and the Application of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Medellin, Colombia. Social Sciences. 2025; 14(8):482. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14080482
Chicago/Turabian StyleVilla-Gómez, Juan David, Juan F. Mejia-Giraldo, Mariana Gutiérrez-Peña, and Alexandra Novozhenina. 2025. "Configuration of Subjectivities and the Application of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Medellin, Colombia" Social Sciences 14, no. 8: 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14080482
APA StyleVilla-Gómez, J. D., Mejia-Giraldo, J. F., Gutiérrez-Peña, M., & Novozhenina, A. (2025). Configuration of Subjectivities and the Application of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Medellin, Colombia. Social Sciences, 14(8), 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14080482