“Frankly, My Dear, I Don’t Want a Dam” in the US or in Iran: Environmental Movements and Shared Strategies in Differing Political Economies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Conceptual Framework: Emergence and Development of Environmental Movements
1.2. Neoliberalism and Environmental Counter-Movements
2. Cases and Methods
3. Findings
3.1. Framing: Socioeconomic and Environmental Dislocations
3.1.1. Northern Integrated Supply Project (NISP)
3.1.2. BeheshtAbad Tunnel Project (BATP)
3.2. Resistance: The Counter-Movements’ Strategies and Associated Tactics
3.2.1. The Northern Integrated Supply Project (NISP)
Enhancing Public Awareness
Bringing Public Pressure to Bear on Key Decision-Makers
Providing an Alternative
Relying on the Judicial System
3.2.2. The BeheshtAbad Tunnel Project (BATP)
Enhancing Public Awareness
Bringing Public Pressure to Bear on Key Decision-Makers
Providing an Alternative
Using the Judicial System
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | We use “capitalist democracy” to refer to the political economic system in which a democratic state establishes the conditions for free-market capitalism, with additional policies for resource allocation through social entitlement (Musacchio et al. 2015). |
2 | We use “capitalist centralized statist system” to refer to a political economic form in which a centralized state (where power is concentrated centrally at higher levels within the state) engages in a type of state capitalism (with the state exerting a high degree of ownership and/or control within the economy) (Batchelder and Freudenberger 1983). |
3 | According to social movement literature (Doherty and Hayes 2019; Smithey 2009), strategies are the combination of claim, aim, and a specific site, whereas tactics refers to specific steps and means which are applied to reach those aims; for example,, strikes or occupations are the tactics used to put pressure on power as a strategy in social movements. |
4 | http://www.savethepoudre.org/ (accessed on 10 October 2022). |
5 | The Karun is the biggest river in Iran. |
6 | The name refers to the Zagros Mountains, which are a long mountain range in Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey. |
7 | Telegram is a cloud-based instant messaging and voice-over-IP service. It works just like popular messaging apps WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger. Telegram provides opportunities for people to have a page, magazine, or channel, all of which are tools for broadcasting messages to large audiences because there is no limit to subscriber numbers. |
8 | https://t.me/sedayepayeab1 (accessed on 1 April 2018). |
9 | https://t.me/joinchat/BJp9FD-q3gPT9wbdw3A49A (accessed on 1 April 2018). |
10 | https://t.me/faryadekaroon (accessed on 1 April 2018). |
11 | https://t.me/jolgeh_jonoobi (accessed on 1 April 2018). |
12 | This network seeks to coordinate all environmental organizations in Khuzestan and raise awareness of environmental activism. http://enngo.ir/post/tag/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87+%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7+%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 (accessed on 1 April 2018). |
13 | A qanat is a gently sloping underground channel to transport water from an aquifer or water well to the surface for irrigation and drinking. |
14 | Environmentalists mention the approved 13th and 10th meetings of the Water Supreme Council, but only the 13th was available for the public to review at the time of this research. The Iranian Ministry of Energy has since removed this information from their website. |
15 | https://t.me/sedayepayeab1/3864 (accessed on 1 April 2018). |
16 | |
17 | https://t.me/sedayepayeab1/11160 (accessed on 10 October 2022). |
18 | This council was organized in 2002 and is located in the Ministry of Energy. According to Article 138 of the Constitution in Iran, the decisions of this council must be implemented. |
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Hoominfar, E.; Radel, C. “Frankly, My Dear, I Don’t Want a Dam” in the US or in Iran: Environmental Movements and Shared Strategies in Differing Political Economies. Soc. Sci. 2023, 12, 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030161
Hoominfar E, Radel C. “Frankly, My Dear, I Don’t Want a Dam” in the US or in Iran: Environmental Movements and Shared Strategies in Differing Political Economies. Social Sciences. 2023; 12(3):161. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030161
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoominfar, Elham, and Claudia Radel. 2023. "“Frankly, My Dear, I Don’t Want a Dam” in the US or in Iran: Environmental Movements and Shared Strategies in Differing Political Economies" Social Sciences 12, no. 3: 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030161