Italian Adaptation and Validation of the Fear of War Scale and the Impact of the Fear of War on Young Italian Adults’ Mental Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Fear of War Scale (FOWARS)
1.2. Aims and Hypotheses
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Italian Adaptation of FOWARS
2.2. Participants and Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Factorial Structure: EFA and CFA—Research Questions 1, 2, and Hypothesis 1
3.2. Item Analysis and Reliability—Hypothesis 2
3.3. Convergent and Discriminant Validity—Hypotheses 3 to 6
3.4. Descriptive Analyses for Psychological Variables and Group Differences—Hypotheses 7 and 8
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Communalities | F1 | F2 |
(1) Sono spaventato perché so che la guerra ha un costo in vite umane. (I am scared because I know war costs human lives). | 0.686 | 0.083 | 0.824 |
(2) Ho paura che la guerra possa trascinarsi a lungo. (I am afraid that the war will drag on for a long time). | 0.771 | 0.218 | 0.850 |
(3) Temo che le trattative di pace risultino inutili. I fear that the peace talks will be fruitless. | 0.371 | 0.046 | 0.608 |
(4) Temo che il mondo non sarà più un posto sicuro. (I am afraid the world will no longer be a safe place). | 0.430 | 0.307 | 0.514 |
(5) Il pensiero della guerra mi mette a disagio. (I feel uncomfortable when I think of the war). | 0.653 | 0.302 | 0.712 |
(6) Le conseguenze della guerra (economiche, politiche, ecc.) mi preoccupano. (I am concerned about the serious consequences of the war (economic, political, etc.)). | 0.697 | 0.245 | 0.798 |
(7) Ho paura dello scoppio di un conflitto nucleare. (I am afraid that a nuclear war will break out). | 0.544 | 0.334 | 0.581 |
(8) Tremo al pensiero che la guerra arrivi anche qui. (I start to tremble when I think the war reaches here, as well). | 0.655 | 0.754 | 0.294 |
(9) Sudo freddo al pensiero che guerra arrivi anche qui. (My palms sweat when I think the war will reach us too). | 0.777 | 0.859 | 0.195 |
(10) Ho le palpitazioni (mi viene la tachicardia) al pensiero che la guerra scoppi anche nel nostro Paese. (My heart is beating faster (my heart rate is rising) when I think the war will break out in our country too). | 0.819 | 0.886 | 0.184 |
(11) Non dormo bene perché sono preoccupato che la guerra raggiunga anche noi. (I have a sleep disorder because I am worried the war will get to us too). | 0.626 | 0.780 | 0.131 |
(12) Mi vengono i brividi (ho la pelle d’oca) quando penso che la guerra scoppi anche qui. (It gives me the creeps (I get goosebumps) when I think the war will break out here too). | 0.688 | 0.809 | 0.184 |
(13) Mi si torce lo stomaco (ho la nausea) quando penso che la guerra scoppi anche qui. (It makes me sick to the stomach (I have nausea, stomach upset) when I think the war will break out here too). | 0.732 | 0.843 | 0.147 |
Eigenvalues | 6.46 | 1.99 | |
% of variance | 44.8 | 14.6 |
Psychometric Test | Original Scale (Kalcza-Janosi et al. 2023) | Italian Adaptation | Cut-Off |
---|---|---|---|
χ2/df | 4.74 | 2.03 | (2 < χ2/df > 5) |
GFI | 0.91 | 0.90 | ≥0.90 |
CFI | 0.94 | 0.95 | ≥0.90 |
TLI | 0.92 | 0.94 | ≥0.90 |
IFI | - | 0.96 | ≥0.90 |
NFI | 0.95 | 0.92 | ≥0.90 |
RMSEA | - | 0.08 | ≤0.10 |
SRMR | 0.04 | 0.08 | ≤0.09 |
Item | M | SD | r Item-Total | Scale Dimension | Item Range | Correlation Range | a | ω |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.29 | 0.98 | 0.47 | Experiential (Items 1–7) | 1–5 | 0.34 < r > 0.74 p = < 0.001 | 0.86 | 0.86 |
2 | 4.22 | 0.94 | 0.60 | |||||
4 | 3.73 | 1.21 | 0.65 | |||||
5 | 3.74 | 1.19 | 0.59 | |||||
6 | 4.13 | 0.96 | 0.68 | |||||
7 | 3.81 | 1.19 | 0.74 | |||||
8 | 3.23 | 1.42 | 0.78 | Physiological (Item 8–12) | 1–5 | 0.52 < r > 0.81 p = < 0.001 | 0.92 | 0.92 |
9 | 2.87 | 1.51 | 0.79 | |||||
10 | 2.47 | 1.47 | 0.66 | |||||
11 | 1.87 | 1.12 | 0.71 | |||||
12 | 2.48 | 1.53 | 0.72 | |||||
13 | 2.25 | 1.41 | 0.72 | |||||
Global | 0.91 | 0.92 |
1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. FOWARS | -- | ||||||||
2. Physiological | 0.93 ** | -- | |||||||
3. Experiential | 0.85 ** | 0.60 ** | -- | ||||||
4. IUS 12 Global | 0.28 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.20 * | -- | |||||
5. WDQ Global | 0.40 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.60 ** | -- | ||||
6. Stress | 0.46 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.54 ** | -- | |||
7. Anxiety | 0.49 ** | 0.51 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.73 ** | -- | ||
8. Depression | 0.41 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.52 ** | 0.74 ** | 0.68 ** | -- | |
9. SWLS | −0.09 | −0.13 | −0.02 | −0.33 ** | −0.51 ** | −0.34 ** | −0.24 ** | 0.50 ** | -- |
Item | M | SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|
1. FOWARS | 3.26 | 0.91 | 1–5 |
Physiological | 2.53 | 1.20 | 1–5 |
Experiential | 3.98 | 0.83 | 1–5 |
2. IUS 12 Global | 35.01 | 10.12 | 16–60 |
3. WDQ Global | 48.24 | 19.90 | 3–96 |
4. Stress | 26.01 | 10.25 | 0–42 |
5. Anxiety | 17.37 | 11.15 | 0–42 |
6. Depression | 20.65 | 10.81 | 0–42 |
7. SWLS | 18.73 | 6.34 | 5–34 |
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Regnoli, G.M.; Tiano, G.; De Rosa, B. Italian Adaptation and Validation of the Fear of War Scale and the Impact of the Fear of War on Young Italian Adults’ Mental Health. Soc. Sci. 2023, 12, 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12120643
Regnoli GM, Tiano G, De Rosa B. Italian Adaptation and Validation of the Fear of War Scale and the Impact of the Fear of War on Young Italian Adults’ Mental Health. Social Sciences. 2023; 12(12):643. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12120643
Chicago/Turabian StyleRegnoli, Giorgio Maria, Gioia Tiano, and Barbara De Rosa. 2023. "Italian Adaptation and Validation of the Fear of War Scale and the Impact of the Fear of War on Young Italian Adults’ Mental Health" Social Sciences 12, no. 12: 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12120643