Transgressive Behavior in Dutch Youth Sport
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Definitions
2.2. Online Questionnaire
2.3. Definition versus Experience
2.4. Severity Classification
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Recruitment, Ethics, and Consent
2.7. The Sample
2.8. Statistical Procedures
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Sport Characteristics of the Study Sample
3.2. Reported Prevalence of Transgressive Behavior (TB): Nature and Frequency
3.3. Reported Prevalence of Transgressive Behavior: Differences in Gender, Age, Ethnicity, and Highest Sport Achievement
3.4. Severity Classification
3.5. Relationship to the Offender
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Research and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1. | The Dutch translation of ‘once in a while’ (in Dutch: een enkele keer) can mean ‘once,’ ‘seldom,’ or ‘once in a while’. |
2. | The LISS panel is a representative sample of Dutch individuals who participate in monthly internet surveys. The panel is based on a true probability sample of households drawn from the population register. Households that could not otherwise participate are provided with a computer and internet connection. A longitudinal survey is fielded in the panel every year, covering a large variety of domains, including health, work, education, income, housing, time use, political views, values, and personality (Scherpenzeel and Das 2010). The I&O Research panel uses the same method. More information about the LISS panel can be found at: www.lissdata.nl; about the I&Oresearchpanel at www.iopanel.nl. |
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Frequency | |||
---|---|---|---|
Once (in a while), no impact | Regularly, no impact | Once or regularly, made an impact | |
Event severity 0.5 (low) | Mild | Mild | Moderate |
e.g., someone yelled at you | e.g., you were being bullied | e.g., gossip or lies were spread about you | |
Event severity 1 (medium) | Mild | Moderate | Severe |
e.g., you were the subject of sexist jokes | e.g., someone pushed you | e.g., WhatsApp messages containing unwanted sexual content | |
Event severity 2 (high) | Severe | Severe | Severe |
e.g., someone hit you with an object | e.g., being forcibly restrained | e.g., you were forced to have penetrative sex (oral, vaginal, or anal) |
N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 1950 | 50.7 |
Male | 2009 | 49.3 | |
Age | 18–24 years | 874 | 22.1 |
25–34 years | 1276 | 32.2 | |
35–44 years | 1062 | 26.8 | |
45–50 years | 747 | 18.9 | |
Ethnicity | Dutch | 3160 | 79.8 |
Ethnic minority W * | 202 | 5.1 | |
Ethnic minority NW ** | 191 | 4.8 | |
Unknown | 405 | 10.2 | |
Education | Low | 352 | 8.9 |
Moderate | 1451 | 36.7 | |
High | 2152 | 54.4 | |
Participation in sport for disabled children | Exclusively | 14 | 0.4 |
Not Exclusively | 46 | 1.2 | |
No | 3888 | 98.2 | |
I do not want to say | 11 | 0.3 | |
Sport organization | Recreational | 900 | 22.7 |
Local | 1,291 | 32.6 | |
Regional | 1321 | 33.4 | |
National | 374 | 9.4 | |
International | 73 | 1.8 | |
Total | 3959 |
Type of Transgressive Behavior (TB) | At Least One Reported TB Experience | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
with and without Impact | only with Impact | |||
N | % | N | % | |
Psychological | 2683 | 67.8 | 132 | 46.3 |
Physical | 937 | 23.7 | 410 | 10.4 |
Sexual | 614 | 15.5 | 285 | 7.2 |
All three types of TB | 247 | 6.2 | 83 | 2.1 |
At least one type of TB | 2837 | 71.7 | 1924 | 48.6 |
No TB | 1122 | 28.3 | 2035 | 51.4 |
N | Psychological TB | Physical TB | Sexual TB | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% with and without Impact/% only with Impact | |||||
Gender | Female | 1950 | 63.3 a/47.9 a | 18.5 a/9.3 a | 20.2 a/10.5 a |
Male | 2009 | 72.1 b/44.7 b | 28.7 b/11.4 b | 11.0 b/4.0 b | |
Age | 18–24 years | 874 | 73.3 a/48.3 a | 29.9 a/13.0 a | 18.1 a/7.6 a |
25–34 years | 1276 | 70.6 a/49.5 a | 24.8 a,b/10.1 a,b | 15.3 a/7.7 a | |
35–44 years | 1062 | 64.8 b/44.7 a,b | 19.9 c/8.7 b | 14.8 a/5.8 a | |
45–50 years | 747 | 60.6 b/40.80 b | 19.9 b,c/9.9 a,b | 14.1 a/7.9 a | |
Ethnicity | Dutch | 3160 | 72.8 a/41.6 a | 23.1 a/10.2 a | 14.7 a/9.4 a |
Ethnic minority W * | 202 | 67.8 a/47.3 a | 26.2 a/12.3 a | 15.3 a/7.1 a | |
Ethnic minority NW ** | 191 | 67.8 a/41.6 a | 30.9 a/11.5 a | 19.3 a/8.4 a | |
Unknown | 405 | 65.4 a/43 a | 23.0/10.4 a | 15.6 a/6.7 a | |
Sports for disabled | Exclusively | 14 | 78.6 a/71.4 a | 28.6 a/28.6 a | 46.2 a/35.7 a |
Not Exclusively | 46 | 75.6 a/43.5 a,b | 35.6 a/20.0 a | 26.1 a,b/6.5 b | |
No | 3888 | 67.8 a/46.3 b | 23.6 a/10.2 a | 15.3 b/7.0 b | |
Unknown | 11 | ||||
Sport achievement | Recreational | 900 | 53.6 a/36.9 a | 16.8 a/7.8 a | 11.3 a/5.6 a |
Local | 1291 | 68.1 b/45.5 b | 22.9 b/9.5 a,b | 15.6 b/7.2 a | |
Regional | 1321 | 74 c/51.4 c | 25.5 b/10.1 a,b | 16.5 b/7.6 a | |
National | 374 | 76.5 c/51.2 b,c | 32.9 c/18.8 c | 21.7 b/8.8 a | |
International | 73 | 80.8 b,c/58.9 b,c | 42.5 c/19.2 b,c | 16.4 a,b/12.3 a | |
Total | 3959 | 67.8/46.3 | 23.7/10.4 | 15.5/7.2 |
Psychological TB | Physical TB | Sexual TB | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mild | Moderate | Severe | Mild | Moderate | Severe | Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||
% | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||
Gender | Female | 1950 | 23.1 a | 13.5 b | 26.7 c | 7.2 a | 0.8 a | 10.5 a | 10.3 a | 1.3 a | 8.5 a |
Male | 2009 | 41.1 a | 13.6 b | 17.3 c | 12.4 a | 1.5 a | 14.9 a | 5.1 a | 0.5 a | 5.4 a | |
Age | 18–24 years | 874 | 38.8 a | 13.7 a,b | 20.8 b | 12.4 a | 1.1 a | 16.4 a | 9.8 a | 0.8 a | 7.4 a |
25–34 years | 1276 | 32.3 a, | 15.0 b | 23.3 a,b | 10.6 a,b | 1.6 b | 12.5 a | 7.2 a | 0.9 a | 7.1 a | |
35–44 years | 1062 | 30.1 a | 13.3 a | 21.4 a | 8.0 a | 0.8 a | 11.1 a | 8.0 a | 0.9 a | 5.8 a | |
45–50 years | 747 | 27.7 a | 11.1 a | 21.8 a | 8.0 a | 0.8 a | 11.1 a | 5.4 a | 1.1 a,b | 7.6 b | |
Ethnicity | Dutch | 3160 | 31.2 a | 13.9 a,b | 22.7 b | 10.0 a | 1.1 a,b | 12 b | 7.9 a | 1 a | 6.4 b |
Ethnic minority W * | 202 | 37.1 a | 9.9 a | 20.8 a | 8.9 a | 1.0 a | 16.7 a | 10.4 a | 0 a | 8.9 a | |
Ethnic minority NW ** | 191 | 41.6 a | 11.1 a | 20.0 a | 12.6 a | 2.6 a | 15.7 a | 3.1 a | 1.6 b | 9.9 b | |
Unknown | 405 | 33.8 a | 13.6 a | 18.0a | 7.2 a | 1.5 a,b | 14.3 b | 6.4 a | 0.2 a | 8.9 a | |
Sports for disabled | Exclusively | 14 | 21.4 a | 50.0 b | 7.1 a | 0.0 a | 0.0a | 28.6 a | 23.1 a | 0 a | 23.1 a |
Not Exclusively | 46 | 46.7 a | 13.3 a | 15.6 a | 6.7 a | 0.0 a,b | 28.9 b | 15.2 a | 0 a | 10.9 a | |
No | 3888 | 32.2 a | 13.4 a | 22.2 a | 9.9 a | 1.2 a,b | 12.5 b | 7.6 a | 0.9 a | 6.8 a | |
Sport achievement | Recreational | 900 | 22.8 a | 12.1 b | 18.7 b | 6.4 a | 0.1 b | 10.3 a | 6 a | 0.8 a | 4.6 a |
Local | 1291 | 32.3 a,b | 12.3 b | 23.5 a | 11.3 a | 1.1 a,b | 10.5 b | 7.4 a | 0.9 a | 7.3 a | |
Regional | 1321 | 35.9 a | 15.3 a | 22.8 a | 10.7 a | 1.8 b | 13 a | 8.2 a | 1 a | 7.3 a | |
National | 374 | 39.8 a | 14.4 a | 22.2 a | 9.6 a | 1.9 a,b | 21.4 b | 10.7 a | 1.1 a | 9.9 a | |
International | 73 | 44.4 a | 16.7 a | 19.4 a | 11.1 a | 0.0a | 30.6 a | 6.9 a | 1.4 a | 6.9 a | |
Total | 3959 |
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Schipper-van Veldhoven, N.; Mulder, J.; Cuelenaere, B.; Zandvliet, R.; Farzan, K.; Reijnen, M. Transgressive Behavior in Dutch Youth Sport. Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11080348
Schipper-van Veldhoven N, Mulder J, Cuelenaere B, Zandvliet R, Farzan K, Reijnen M. Transgressive Behavior in Dutch Youth Sport. Social Sciences. 2022; 11(8):348. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11080348
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchipper-van Veldhoven, Nicolette, Joris Mulder, Boukje Cuelenaere, Robbert Zandvliet, Kimberly Farzan, and Miriam Reijnen. 2022. "Transgressive Behavior in Dutch Youth Sport" Social Sciences 11, no. 8: 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11080348
APA StyleSchipper-van Veldhoven, N., Mulder, J., Cuelenaere, B., Zandvliet, R., Farzan, K., & Reijnen, M. (2022). Transgressive Behavior in Dutch Youth Sport. Social Sciences, 11(8), 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11080348