Devolatilization Kinetics of Different Types of Bio-Coals Using Thermogravimetric Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Kinetic Theory
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials and Characterization
3.2. Experimental Method
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Thermogravimetric Analysis
4.2. Off-Gas Analysis during the Thermal Decomposition of Bio-Coals
5. Kinetic Analysis
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bio-Coal Type | Bio-Coal | Origin | Temperature, °C | Time, min | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highly volatile bio-coals | Torrefied forest residue | Top and branches pine /spruce | 286 | 6 | TFR |
Torrefied saw dust | Spruce | 297 | 6 | TSD | |
Torrefied willow | Willow | 330 | 6 | TW | |
Lowly volatile bio-coals | High-temperature torrefied | 50 % Pine/50% spruce | 350 | 8 | HTT |
Pine A | Pine | 350 | 14 | PA | |
Pine B | Pine | 400 | 14 | PB | |
Charcoal | Mixture of pine, birch, alder, aspen | 550 | - | CC |
Bio-Coals | Proximate Analysis (wt %) | Ultimate Analysis (wt %) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cfix | VM | Ash | Ctot | H | N | S | O | |
TFR | 23.6 | 73.2 | 3.2 | 52.0 | 5.9 | 0.57 | 0.035 | 35.2 |
TSD | 24.0 | 75.6 | 0.45 | 57.1 | 5.9 | 0.12 | 0.004 | 36.4 |
TW | 24.7 | 73.3 | 2.0 | 52.7 | 5.8 | 0.30 | 0.021 | 39.2 |
HTT | 60.8 | 38.2 | 1.0 | 75.3 | 4.9 | 0.10 | 0.008 | 18.8 |
PA | 70.3 | 28.7 | 1.0 | 78.6 | 4.4 | 0.23 | <0.01 | 15.8 |
PB | 79.1 | 19.7 | 1.2 | 85.0 | 3.8 | 0.30 | <0.01 | 9.70 |
CC | 80.7 | 18.6 | 0.70 | 87.0 | 3.4 | 0.25 | <0.004 | 8.30 |
Bio-coals | Al2O3 | CaO | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | K2O | MgO | MnO | Na2O | P2O5 | TiO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TFR | 0.047 | 0.872 | 0.618 | 0.044 | 0.238 | 0.124 | 0.062 | 0.014 | 0.151 | 0.004 |
TSD | 0.003 | 0.122 | 0.033 | 0.011 | 0.051 | 0.046 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.000 |
TW | 0.004 | 0.494 | 0.019 | 0.003 | 0.230 | 0.076 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.142 | 0.000 |
HTT | 0.024 | 0.310 | 0.305 | 0.079 | 0.145 | 0.061 | 0.040 | 0.023 | 0.032 | 0.001 |
PA | 0.032 | 0.270 | 0.235 | 0.007 | 0.148 | 0.074 | 0.035 | 0.010 | 0.021 | 0.001 |
PB | 0.013 | 0.339 | 0.067 | 0.006 | 0.167 | 0.096 | 0.043 | 0.004 | 0.024 | 0.000 |
CC | 0.006 | 0.317 | 0.028 | 0.009 | <0.002 | 0.112 | 0.044 | <0.009 | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Conversion, α | TFR | TSD | TW | HTT | PA | PB | CC | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ea | R2 | Ea | R2 | Ea | R2 | Ea | R2 | Ea | R2 | Ea | R2 | Ea | R2 | |
0.1 | 169 | 0.999 | 149 | 0.998 | 111 | 1.000 | 361 | 0.981 | 145 | 1.000 | 449 | 0.996 | 297 | 0.999 |
0.2 | 179 | 1.000 | 158 | 0.997 | 120 | 0.999 | 278 | 1.000 | 189 | 1.000 | 411 | 0.996 | 271 | 1.000 |
0.3 | 185 | 0.998 | 162 | 0.997 | 123 | 0.999 | 246 | 0.999 | 222 | 0.997 | 272 | 1.000 | 271 | 1.000 |
0.4 | 191 | 0.997 | 158 | 0.999 | 124 | 1.00 | 238 | 0.997 | 232 | 1.000 | 225 | 0.999 | 249 | 1.000 |
0.5 | 185 | 0.998 | 159 | 0.997 | 124 | 0.999 | 274 | 1.000 | 269 | 1.000 | 215 | 1.000 | 260 | 0.997 |
0.6 | 186 | 0.999 | 191 | 1.000 | 123 | 0.999 | 263 | 1.000 | 235 | 0.999 | 204 | 1.000 | 215 | 0.998 |
0.7 | 192 | 0.998 | 269 | 1.000 | 124 | 0.999 | 161 | 1.000 | 250 | 0.999 | 202 | 0.999 | 195 | 0.998 |
0.8 | 194 | 0.997 | 385 | 0.999 | 124 | 0.999 | 135 | 1.000 | 243 | 1.000 | 158 | 1.000 | 194 | 0.997 |
0.9 | 143 | 1.000 | 252 | 1.000 | 90 | 0.999 | 99 | 0.999 | 221 | 0.997 | 139 | 1.000 | 139 | 0.999 |
0,99 | 61 | 0.999 | 285 | 0.997 | 78 | 0.999 | 58 | 1.000 | 122 | 0.996 | 77 | 1.000 | 38 | 1.000 |
Average value | 169 | - | 217 | - | 114 | - | 211 | - | 213 | - | 235 | - | 213 | - |
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El-Tawil, A.A.; Ahmed, H.M.; Ökvist, L.S.; Björkman, B. Devolatilization Kinetics of Different Types of Bio-Coals Using Thermogravimetric Analysis. Metals 2019, 9, 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020168
El-Tawil AA, Ahmed HM, Ökvist LS, Björkman B. Devolatilization Kinetics of Different Types of Bio-Coals Using Thermogravimetric Analysis. Metals. 2019; 9(2):168. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020168
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Tawil, Asmaa A., Hesham M. Ahmed, Lena Sundqvist Ökvist, and Bo Björkman. 2019. "Devolatilization Kinetics of Different Types of Bio-Coals Using Thermogravimetric Analysis" Metals 9, no. 2: 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020168