Flow-Accelerated Corrosion of Type 316L Stainless Steel Caused by Turbulent Lead–Bismuth Eutectic Flow
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physical Models
2.1. Turbulent Flow Model
2.2. Corrosion Model
- (1)
- If the oxygen concentration in LBE is sufficiently low, as in the present experimental study, there will be no effective oxide protective layer formed on the steel surface. In this situation, the steel contacts with the LBE directly, and the main constituents of the steel are thus dissolved into the LBE directly.
- (2)
- If the oxygen concentration is within an appropriate range, oxidation of steel will occur, and an active oxide film (-based) will eventually be formed on the steel surface. Direct dissolution of steel into LBE will be prevented due to separation of the oxide film. In this case, the iron diffuses from the base metal, and the oxygen transfers from the bulk flow to the oxide/LBE interface to engage in the oxidation–reduction chemical reaction ().
3. Experiments
3.1. JLBL-1
3.2. Specimen Testing Tube
3.3. Operation Conditions
3.4. Post-Testing Material Characterization
4. Numerical Simulation Conditions
4.1. Hydrodynamic Study
4.2. Mass Transfer Study
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Corrosion Depth Profile of the Test Tube
5.2. Effects of the TKE, Shear Stress, and Pressure
5.3. Other Effects
5.3.1. Cavitation
5.3.2. Gravity
5.3.3. Corroded Morphology
5.3.4. Orifice Angle
5.4. Mass Transfer
5.4.1. Effective Viscosity and Effective Diffusivity
5.4.2. Mass Concentration Difference Close to the Wall
5.4.3. Comparison of Predicted Corrosion Depth and Measured Corrosion Depth
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
constants in empirical equations linking to and | |
cavitation number | |
, , | species concentration in the bulk fluid, at the wall, and in the first node, kmol/m3 |
oxygen concentration in a liquid, kmol/m3 | |
hydraulic diameter, m | |
molecular diffusion coefficient, m2/s | |
eddy or turbulent diffusivity, , m2/s | |
effective diffusion coefficient, , m2/s | |
, | damping factor in the LRN turbulence model |
turbulence level in the near-wall region | |
mass flux of iron, | |
turbulent kinetic energy, m2/s2 | |
mass transfer coefficient, m/s | |
chemical component of a material | |
molar mass of iron, kg/kmol | |
generation of turbulence, | |
additional term of turbulence generation in the LRN turbulence model, | |
local pressure in a liquid, Pa | |
vapor pressure of a liquid, Pa | |
wall roughness, m | |
Reynolds number, | |
, | turbulence Reynolds number, , |
Schmidt number, | |
turbulent Schmidt number, | |
Sherwood number, | |
temperature, K | |
temperature difference, K | |
dimensionless velocity | |
characteristic flow speed of a liquid, m/s | |
distance from the wall, m | |
dimensionless distance from the wall | |
distance of the first node from the wall, m | |
Greek symbols | |
thickness of diffusion boundary layer, m | |
thickness of viscous sublayer, m | |
dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, m2/s3 | |
molecular dynamic viscosity, | |
eddy or turbulent viscosity, | |
effective viscosity, , | |
density, | |
wall shear stress, Pa |
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Wan, T.; Saito, S. Flow-Accelerated Corrosion of Type 316L Stainless Steel Caused by Turbulent Lead–Bismuth Eutectic Flow. Metals 2018, 8, 627. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080627
Wan T, Saito S. Flow-Accelerated Corrosion of Type 316L Stainless Steel Caused by Turbulent Lead–Bismuth Eutectic Flow. Metals. 2018; 8(8):627. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080627
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Tao, and Shigeru Saito. 2018. "Flow-Accelerated Corrosion of Type 316L Stainless Steel Caused by Turbulent Lead–Bismuth Eutectic Flow" Metals 8, no. 8: 627. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080627