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Volume 15
Issue 8
10.3390/met15080886
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Development of Technology for Processing Pyrite–Cobalt Concentrates to Obtain Pigments of the Composition Fe2O3 and Fe3O4

by
Tatyana Chepushtanova
1,
Aliya Altmyshbayeva
1,*,
Yerik Merkibayev
1,
Kulzira Mamyrbayeva
1,
Zhanat Yespenova
1 and
Brajendra Mishra
2
1
Metallurgy and Mineral Processing Department, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
2
Mechanical & Materials Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609-2280, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Metals 2025, 15(8), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15080886 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 28 May 2025 / Revised: 28 July 2025 / Accepted: 1 August 2025 / Published: 7 August 2025
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a study on the development of a processing technology for pyrite–cobalt concentrates to obtain iron oxide pigments (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) via high-temperature hydrolysis. It was found that, in a single operation, the concentrate can be effectively purified from lead, zinc, and copper, yielding an iron–nickel–cobalt product suitable for further processing by standard technologies, such as smelting into ferronickel. The scientific originality of research concludes in a mechanism of stepwise selective chloride volatilization, which was established as follows: stage I (500–650 °C)—removal of lead; stage II (700–750 °C)—chlorination of copper and iron; stage III (850–900 °C)—volatilization of nickel and cobalt. Microprobe analysis of the powders obtained from high-temperature hydrolysis of FeCl2·4H2O and FeCl3·6H2O revealed the resulting Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 powders with particle sizes 50 μm and 100 μm. A visual color palette was created, corresponding to different Fe3O4/Fe2O3 ratios in the pigment composition—ranging from black (magnetite) to red (hematite)—and potential application areas. For the first time, the new technological scheme was proposed of pigments Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 production from pyrite–cobalt concentrates via combination of oxidized roasting with subsequent chlorination and high-temperature hydrolysis of the products.
Keywords: pyrite–cobalt concentrate; crystallization; high-temperature hydrolysis; microdispersed and nanodispersed powders; iron oxide pigments; hematite; magnetite pyrite–cobalt concentrate; crystallization; high-temperature hydrolysis; microdispersed and nanodispersed powders; iron oxide pigments; hematite; magnetite

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chepushtanova, T.; Altmyshbayeva, A.; Merkibayev, Y.; Mamyrbayeva, K.; Yespenova, Z.; Mishra, B. Development of Technology for Processing Pyrite–Cobalt Concentrates to Obtain Pigments of the Composition Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Metals 2025, 15, 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15080886

AMA Style

Chepushtanova T, Altmyshbayeva A, Merkibayev Y, Mamyrbayeva K, Yespenova Z, Mishra B. Development of Technology for Processing Pyrite–Cobalt Concentrates to Obtain Pigments of the Composition Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Metals. 2025; 15(8):886. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15080886

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chepushtanova, Tatyana, Aliya Altmyshbayeva, Yerik Merkibayev, Kulzira Mamyrbayeva, Zhanat Yespenova, and Brajendra Mishra. 2025. "Development of Technology for Processing Pyrite–Cobalt Concentrates to Obtain Pigments of the Composition Fe2O3 and Fe3O4" Metals 15, no. 8: 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15080886

APA Style

Chepushtanova, T., Altmyshbayeva, A., Merkibayev, Y., Mamyrbayeva, K., Yespenova, Z., & Mishra, B. (2025). Development of Technology for Processing Pyrite–Cobalt Concentrates to Obtain Pigments of the Composition Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Metals, 15(8), 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15080886

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