Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of AISI 316 Steel Layers Deposited on AISI 347 Steel Substrate by Laser Metal Deposition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. AISI 347 Stainless Steel Substrate and AISI 316 Stainless Steel Powder
2.2. Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) Process
2.3. Metallography Procedures
2.4. Hardness Test
2.5. Corrosion Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructural Analyses
3.2. Hardness Testing
3.3. Corrosion Tests
3.3.1. Open Circuit Potential (OCP) and Potentiodynamic Polarization
3.3.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
3.3.3. Morphological Analysis after Electrochemical Tests
4. Conclusions
- The metallographic analyses performed in this preliminary study revealed a predominantly austenitic microstructure in the presence of ferrite for the AISI 347 steel substrate and a dendritic microstructure for the deposited AISI 316 steel layers, whose chemical composition belongs to the austenite + ferrite region of the Schaeffler diagram, with the possible formation of delta ferrite, as revealed in the electrolytic attack with NaOH.
- The hardness analysis of the deposited layers showed that, owing to the accumulation of heat and mass during the deposition, the hardness values decreased with distance from the substrate, and the samples with four and six depositions showed a hardness reduction in the layer transition close to the remelting regions.
- The electrochemical tests showed that the four-layer sample presented a higher resistance in relation to the two- and six-layer samples in terms of active sites for localized corrosion.
- In general terms of corrosion current speed, it can be said that they are similar for the deposited-layer samples since they presented similar values of icorr and impedance modulus at a low frequency (0.01 Hz). The AISI 347 steel exhibits good corrosion and pitting resistance, which explains the electrochemical responses of the substrate.
- The deposited layers of AISI 316 steel showed a superficial corrosion morphology characterized by small pitting points or relatively larger pits spread superficially around the pores. The AISI 347 steel substrate showed parallel bands of pits at regular intervals, which must have started at the ferrite and austenite phase interfaces, as well as in the NbC distributed along the substrate and in the possible presence of the σ and Laves phases.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | C | Mn | Ni | S | Si | P | Cr | Nb | Mo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AISI 347 susbstrate | 0.045 | 1.29 | 9.95 | 0.0018 | 0.42 | 0.021 | 17.43 | 0.73 | - |
AISI 316 powder | 0.018 | 1.46 | 12.78 | 0.004 | 0.60 | 0.008 | 17.78 | - | 2.20 |
Composition | % Weight |
---|---|
Carbon, C | 0.02 |
Silicon, Si | 0.6 |
Manganese, Mn | 1.4 |
Chrome, Cr | 16.5 |
Molybdenum, Mo | 2.2 |
Nickel, Ni | 11.1 |
Niobim, Nb | 0 |
Nitrogen, N | 0.4 |
Chrome equivalent, Creq | 19.6 |
Nickel equivalent, Nieq | 24.4 |
Technique | 2 Layers | 4 Layers | 6 Layers | Substrate |
---|---|---|---|---|
OCP (V/SCE) | −0.1355 | −0.1354 | −0.1226 | −0.1092 |
Sample | Ecorr (mV/SCE) | Eb (mV/SCE) | Eb−Ecorr (mV/SCE) | (mV/dec) | (mV/dec) | icorr (µA/cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 layers | −135 | 159 | 294 | 48.46 | 44.5 | 0.116 |
4 layers | −135 | 119 | 254 | 54.88 | 138.4 | 0.149 |
6 layers | −123 | 300 | 423 | 4301 | 69.58 | 0.096 |
Substrate | −109 | 333 | 442 | 68.96 | 169.17 | 0.214 |
Sample | × 105 | Re (Ω cm2) | CPEf (µ Ω cm−2 sn) | nf | Rf (kΩ cm2) | CPEpit (µ Ω cm−2 sn) | npit | Rpit (kΩ cm2) | χ² × 10−4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 layers | 1.49 | 5.6 | 51.7 | 0.93 | 68.40 | 15.6 | 0.59 | 274.0 | 1.4 |
4 layers | 2.19 | 5.4 | 42.5 | 0.93 | 164.65 | 8.9 | 0.61 | 395.5 | 2.2 |
6 layers | 1.18 | 6.3 | 56.1 | 0.93 | 14.25 | 19.0 | 0.62 | 327.2 | 0.6 |
Substrate | 1.73 | 5.5 | 41.2 | 0.92 | 11.85 | 16.1 | 0.67 | 1261 | 0.3 |
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Ligabo, I.A.; Braga, V.; Ferreira, C.C.A.; Siqueira, R.H.M.; Lourenço, J.C.; Abdalla, A.J.; Lima, M.S.F. Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of AISI 316 Steel Layers Deposited on AISI 347 Steel Substrate by Laser Metal Deposition. Metals 2022, 12, 2161. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122161
Ligabo IA, Braga V, Ferreira CCA, Siqueira RHM, Lourenço JC, Abdalla AJ, Lima MSF. Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of AISI 316 Steel Layers Deposited on AISI 347 Steel Substrate by Laser Metal Deposition. Metals. 2022; 12(12):2161. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122161
Chicago/Turabian StyleLigabo, Isabela A., Vagner Braga, Caroline C. A. Ferreira, Rafael H. M. Siqueira, Julio C. Lourenço, Antonio J. Abdalla, and Milton S. F. Lima. 2022. "Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of AISI 316 Steel Layers Deposited on AISI 347 Steel Substrate by Laser Metal Deposition" Metals 12, no. 12: 2161. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122161