Burnout through the Lenses of Equity/Equality, Diversity and Inclusion and Disabled People: A Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Burnout and the Workplace
1.2. Activist Burnout
1.3. Problem-Based Burnout or Life Burnout
“To the extent that racism affected my life, perhaps the most important lesson learned during my pre-retirement self-reflecting was an appreciation for its cumulative and additive effects. No one event was a tipping point, but some events are far more impactful than others. I also realized that many sources of my pre-retirement, Baldwinian rage can be traced to events that go back to the now-distant past”.[7] (p. 303)
1.4. EDI and Burnout
Dimensions: equity, diversity and inclusion Canada invites postsecondary institutions to take part in a transformation to increase equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) and help drive deeper cultural change within the research ecosystem by identifying and eliminating obstacles and inequities. This will support equitable access to funding opportunities, increase equitable and inclusive participation, and embed EDI-related considerations in research design and practices.
Equal opportunities and its allied concepts, including inequality, inequity, disadvantage, diversity, and inclusion, have been studied extensively across all disciplines of social sciences and humanities. The advent of legal and social reforms in the field, as well as the broadening of the theory of equal opportunities to include a wider range of inequalities based on sex, race, disability status, age, sexual orientation, marital status, nationality and social class have all contributed to the general growth of scholarly interest in the field. EDI engages with this interest, offering a platform for critical and rigorous exploration of equal opportunities concerns including gender, ethnicity, class, disability, age, sexual orientation, religion, as well as other nascent and incipient forms of inequalities in the context of society, organisations and work.
Under the section discussing the journal’s aim, it is furthermore acknowledged that It is important to acknowledge that there are some dichotomies between the reality and rhetoric of equal opportunities, the forms of practitioner and the academic knowledge in the field, scholarly approaches to equal opportunities across disciplines of social sciences and humanities, as well as their use of concepts and methods in order to uncover inequalities, and offer strategies for change towards equality of opportunity, valuing of diversity or pursuit of social inclusion.
Experiences of microaggressions were disproportionately reported by members of underrepresented groups. Among students, Indigenous and Black students, students who identify as 2SLGBTQ+, and students with disabilities were more likely to report experiences of microaggressions. o Indigenous and racialized staff, staff who identify as 2SLGBTQ+, staff who identify as transgender/gender non-binary, and staff who indicated experiencing one or more disabilities reported experiencing more microaggressions than other staff. o Indigenous and racialized faculty, faculty who identify as 2SLGBTQ+ and faculty with a disability reported above average incidents of microaggressions.[163] (p. 21)
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Theoretical Framework
2.2. Identification of Research Questions
2.3. Data Sources, Data Collection, and Search Strategies
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Trustworthiness Measures
3. Results
3.1. Quantitative Hit Count Results
3.2. Qualitative Analysis
3.2.1. EDI and Burnout
3.2.2. Burnout of Disabled People
3.2.3. Phrases of Disability or Disabled People-Related Terms Together with Burnout
Understandably these facts of disability oppression can take a toll on the morale of persons with disabilities.37 After struggling with employment bias, poverty, blocked access to the community and its resources, unaccommodating and selective health services, lack of accessible and affordable housing, penalizing welfare policies, and lack of accessible transportation, some may experience what is known in the disability community as “disability burn-out.” This term refers to emotional despair engendered by thwarted opportunities and blocked goals. It is aggravated and intensified by years of exposure to disability prejudice and devaluation. In fact, a frequently repeated theme in research interviews with persons with disabilities and illnesses is, “I can live with my physical condition but I’m tired of struggling against the way I’m treated.“38”.”.[276] (p. 180)
4. Discussion
4.1. Burnout and Disabled People
To the extent that racism affected my life, perhaps the most important lesson learned during my pre-retirement self-reflecting was an appreciation for its cumulative and additive effects. No one event was a tipping point, but some events are far more impactful than others. I also realized that many sources of my pre-retirement, Baldwinian rage can be traced to events that go back to the now-distant past.[7] (p. 303)
4.2. Burnout and EDI
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions, Implications, and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Acker, G.M. The Impact of Clients’ Mental Illness on Social Workers’ Job Satisfaction and Burnout. Health Soc. Work 1999, 24, 112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gargiulo, R.M.; Partin, R.L. Burned Out Teachers Have No Class! Prescriptions for Teacher Educators. Coll. Stud. J. 1980, 14, 365–368. [Google Scholar]
- Montero-Marín, J.; García-Campayo, J.; Mera, D.M.; Del Hoyo, Y.L. A new definition of burnout syndrome based on Farber’s proposal. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 2009, 4, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schaufeli, W.B.; Greenglass, E.R. Introduction to special issue on burnout and health. Psychol. Health 2001, 16, 501–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bianchi, R.; Truchot, D.; Laurent, E.; Brisson, R.; Schonfeld, I.S. Is burnout solely job-related? A critical comment. Scand. J. Psychol. 2014, 55, 357–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorski, P.; Lopresti-Goodman, S.; Rising, D. “Nobody’s paying me to cry”: The causes of activist burnout in United States animal rights activists. Soc. Mov. Stud. 2019, 18, 364–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hawkins, D.F. A racism burnout: My life as a Black academic. Race Justice 2021, 11, 301–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maslach, C.; Jackson, S.E. The Role of Sex and Family Variables in Burnout. Sex Roles 1985, 12, 837–851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mészáros, V.; Takács, S.; Kövi, Z.; Smohai, M.; Csigás, Z.G.; Tanyi, Z.; Jakubovits, E.; Kovács, D.; Szili, I.; Ferenczi, A.; et al. Dimensionality of burnout–Is the Mini Oldenburg Burnout Inventory suitable for measuring separate burnout dimensions? Mentálhigiéné Pszichoszomatika 2020, 21, 323–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borritz, M.; Rugulies, R.; Villadsen, E.; Mikkelsen, O.A.; Kristensen, T.S.; Bjorner, J.B. Burnout among employees in human service work: Design and baseline findings of the PUMA study. Scand. J. Public Health 2006, 34, 49–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruiz, E.M.; Gómez-Quintero, H.B.; Lluis, S.M. Validation of the Copenhagen burnout inventory to assess professional burnout in Spain. Rev. Esp. Salud Publica 2013, 87, 165–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maslach, C.; Leiter, M.P. Burnout. In Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2016; pp. 351–357. [Google Scholar]
- Schaufeli, W.B.; Enzmann, D.; Girault, N. Measurement of burnout: A review. In Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2018; pp. 199–215. [Google Scholar]
- Awa, W.L.; Plaumann, M.; Walter, U. Burnout prevention: A review of intervention programs. Patient Educ. Couns. 2010, 78, 184–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maslach, C.; Goldberg, J. Prevention of burnout: New perspectives. Appl. Prev. Psychol. 1998, 7, 63–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fessell, D.; Cherniss, C. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Beyond: Micropractices for Burnout Prevention and Emotional Wellness. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2020, 17, 746–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Backus, B.E.; Slagmolen, K.; May, N.M. A system based approach on burnout prevention of healthcare professionals. Eur. J. Emerg. Med. 2022, 29, 101–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Habeger, A.D.; Connell, T.D.J.; Harris, R.L.; Jackson, C. Promoting Burnout Prevention Through a Socio-Ecological Lens. Del. J. Public Health 2022, 8, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sterckx, A.; Van den Broeck, K.; Remmen, R.; Dekeirel, K.; Hermans, H.; Hesters, C.; Daeseleire, T.; Broes, V.; Barton, J.; Gladwell, V.; et al. Operationalization of One Health Burnout Prevention and Recovery: Participatory Action Research-Design of Nature-Based Health Promotion Interventions for Employees. Front. Public Health 2021, 9, 720761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oi, W.Y. Work for Americans with Disabilities. ANNALS Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 1992, 523, 159–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brugger, G. Providing and keeping jobs for the psychically disabled–How can that be done? Psychiatr. Prax. 1995, 22, 249–251. [Google Scholar]
- Kavanaugh, B.P. Collective Bargaining Agreements and the Americans with Disabilities Act: A Problematic Limitation on “Reasonable Accommodation” for the Union Employee. U. Ill. L. Rev. 1999, 751. Available online: https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/unilllr1999&div=22&id=&page= (accessed on 17 May 2023).
- Schriver, K. A Disability Studies Perspective on Employment Issues and Policies for Disabled People An International View. In Handbook of Disability Studies; Albrecht, G.L., Seelman, K.D., Bury, M., Eds.; Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: Abingdon, UK, 2001; pp. 642–658. [Google Scholar]
- Rose, S.F. Disability and the Academic Job Market. Disabil. Stud. Q. 2008, 28, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolbring, G. Employment, disabled people and robots: What is the narrative in the academic literature and Canadian newspapers? Societies 2016, 6, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bryan, M.L.; Bryce, A.M.; Roberts, J. Employment related COVID-19 exposure risk among disabled people in the UK. Ssm-Popul. Health 2021, 16, 100984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berghs, M.; Dyson, S.M. Intersectionality and employment in the United Kingdom: Where are all the Black disabled people? Disabil. Soc. 2022, 37, 543–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoque, K.; Bacon, N. Working from home and disabled people’s employment outcomes. Br. J. Ind. Relat. 2022, 60, 32–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barnes, C. Disability activism and the struggle for change: Disability, policy and politics in the UK. Educ. Citizsh. Soc. Justice 2007, 2, 203–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bookman, M. The Coronavirus Crisis: Disability Politics and Activism in Contemporary Japan. Asia-Pac. J.-Jpn. Focus 2020, 18, 5465. [Google Scholar]
- Boys, J. Invisibility work?: How starting from dis/ability challenges normative social, spatial and material practices. In Architecture and Feminisms: Ecologies, Economies, Technologies; Routledge: London, UK, 2017; pp. 270–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brito, F.; Prieto, R. ‘We did it ourselves’: The Deaf Social Movement and the Quest for the Legal Recognition of the Libras Sign Language in Brazil. Disabil. Stud. Q. 2018, 38, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chouinard, V. Contesting disabling conditions of life in the Global South: Disability activists’ and service providers’ experiences in Guyana. Disabil. Soc. 2015, 30, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Picker, M. Rethinking inclusion and disability activism at academic conferences: Strategies proposed by a PhD student with a physical disability. Disabil. Soc. 2020, 35, 163–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, H. Understanding Citizenship and Quality of Life through Disabled Activists in South Korea. Available online: https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.834407 (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Smith, B.; Bundon, A.; Best, M. Disability sport and activist identities: A qualitative study of narratives of activism among elite athletes’ with impairment. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2016, 26, 139–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salvatore, C.; Wolbring, G. Children and Youth Environmental Action: The Case of Children and Youth with Disabilities. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolbring, G.; Gill, S. Potential Impact of Environmental Activism: A Survey and a Scoping Review. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reed, A.S. Mental health, availability to participate in social change, and social movement accessibility. Soc. Sci. Med. 2022, 313, 115389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- United Nations. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Available online: https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Wolbring, G. Ability Privilege: A needed addition to privilege studies. J. Crit. Anim. Stud. 2014, 12, 118–141. [Google Scholar]
- Wolbring, G. Ability Expectation and Ableism Glossary. Available online: https://wolbring.wordpress.com/ability-expectationableism-glossary/ (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Wolbring, G.; Lillywhite, A. Equity/Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) in Universities: The Case of Disabled People. Societies 2021, 11, 49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mikus, J.; Grant-Smith, D.; Rieger, J. Cultural Probes as a Carefully Curated Research Design Approach to Elicit Older Adult Lived Experience. In Social Justice Research Methods for Doctoral Research; IGI Global: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2022; pp. 182–207. [Google Scholar]
- Simpson, A. The Sovereignty of Critique. S. Atl. Q. 2020, 119, 685–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Klink, S. 3 Wellness Initiatives to Improve Your DEIB Recruiting and Retention Efforts. HR News Mag. 2021, 87, 6–7. [Google Scholar]
- National Science Foundation. Geoscience Opportunities for Leadership in Diversity (NSF). Available online: https://beta.nsf.gov/funding/opportunities/geoscience-opportunities-leadership-diversity-gold (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Newswire, P.R. GXG Human Capital Practice Launches DEIB Growth Accelerator; a Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging Advisory Service, to Enable Sustainable Change and Growth for Organizations. Available online: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/gxg-human-capital-practice-launches-deib-growth-accelerator-a-diversity-equity-inclusion-and-belonging-advisory-service-to-enable-sustainable-change-and-growth-for-organizations-301341292.html (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Henry, F.; Dua, E.; Kobayashi, A.; James, C.; Li, P.; Ramos, H.; Smith, M.S. Race, racialization and Indigeneity in Canadian universities. Race Ethn. Educ. 2017, 20, 300–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, P. #MeToo in Surgery: Narratives by Women Surgeons. Narrat. Inq. Bioeth. 2019, 9, 179–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Free, D. IDEAL ‘19: Advancing Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Accessibility in Libraries and Archives. Coll. Res. Libr. News 2019, 80, 130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahlangu, V.P. Rethinking student admission and access in higher education through the lens of capabilities approach. Int. J. Educ. Manag. 2020, 34, 175–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zallio, M.; Clarkson, P.J. Inclusion, diversity, equity and accessibility in the built environment: A study of architectural design practice. Build. Environ. 2021, 206, 108352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mullin, A.E.; Coe, I.R.; Gooden, E.A.; Tunde-Byass, M.; Wiley, R.E. Inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility: From organizational responsibility to leadership competency. Healthc. Manag. Forum 2021, 34, 311–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sotto-Santiago, S.; Mac, J.; Duncan, F.; Smith, J. “I Didn’t Know What to Say”: Responding to Racism, Discrimination, and Microaggressions With the OWTFD Approach. MedEdPORTAL J. Teach. Learn. Resour. 2020, 16, 10971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayford, M. Performing arts in the service of others: The common good players and experiential learning in social justice theatre. In Diverse Pedagogical Approaches to Experiential Learning: Multidisciplinary Case Studies, Reflections, and Strategies; Lovett, K., Ed.; Palgrave Macmillan: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 207–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schnabel, R.B.; Benjamin, E.J. Diversity 4.0 in the cardiovascular health-care workforce. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2020, 17, 751–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Afolabi, T. Theatre as Service... My Experience During the Global Pandemic in Canada. CTR 2021, 188, 39–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davies, S.W.; Putnam, H.M.; Ainsworth, T.; Baum, J.K.; Bove, C.B.; Crosby, S.C.; Cote, I.M.; Duplouy, A.; Fulweiler, R.W.; Griffin, A.J.; et al. Promoting inclusive metrics of success and impact to dismantle a discriminatory reward system in science. PLoS Biol. 2021, 19, e3001282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wells, J.C. Does intra-disciplinary historic preservation scholarship address the exigent issues of practice? Exploring the character and impact of preservation knowledge production in relation to critical heritage studies, equity, and social justice. Int. J. Herit. Stud. 2021, 27, 449–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sager, T. Responsibilities of theorists: The case of communicative planning theory. Prog. Plan. 2009, 72, 1–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goez, H.; Lai, H.; Rodger, J.; Brett-MacLean, P.; Hillier, T. The DISCuSS model: Creating connections between community and curriculum–A new lens for curricular development in support of social accountability. Med. Teach. 2020, 42, 1058–1064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holt, M.; Lerback, J.C.; St Pierre, G.A.E. A vision for a diverse and equitable environment through the lens of Inclusive Earth. Abstr. Programs-Geol. Soc. Am. 2020, 52, 69-4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Congress Advisory Committee on Equity Diversity Inclusion and Decolonization (AC-EDID) Canada. Igniting Change: Final Report and Recommendations. Available online: http://www.ideas-idees.ca/about/CAC-EDID-report (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Advance, H.E. Athena Swan Charter Encouraging and Recognising Commitment to Advancing Gender Equality. Available online: https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/equality-charters/athena-swan-charter (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Science in Australia Gender Equity Ltd. Strategic Plan 2021–2024. Available online: https://sciencegenderequity.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SAGE-Strategic-Plan-2021-2024.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Participating in SEA Change Is a Commitment to the SEA Change Principles. Available online: https://seachange.aaas.org/about/principles (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Government of Canada. Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Requirements and Practices. Available online: https://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/program-programme/equity-equite/index-eng.aspx (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Government of Canada. Equity, Diversity and Inclusion: Dimensions: Charter. Available online: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/InterAgency-Interorganismes/EDI-EDI/Dimensions-Charter_Dimensions-Charte_eng.asp (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Government of Canada. Best Practices in Equity, Diversity and Inclusion in Research: A Guide for Applicants to New Frontiers in Research Fund Competitions. Available online: https://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/funding-financement/nfrf-fnfr/edi-eng.aspx (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- National Science Foundation (NSF). ADVANCE: Organizational Change for Gender Equity in STEM Academic Professions (ADVANCE). Available online: https://beta.nsf.gov/funding/opportunities/advance-organizational-change-gender-equity-stem (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Australian Government. Science in Australia Gender Equity (SAGE) in Towards 2025 A Strategy to Boost Australian Women’s Workforce Participation. Available online: https://womensworkforceparticipation.pmc.gov.au/science-australia-gender-equity-sage.html (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Government of Canada. Creating an Equitable, Diverse and Inclusive Research Environment: A Best Practices Guide for Recruitment, Hiring and Retention. Available online: https://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/program-programme/equity-equite/best_practices-pratiques_examplaires-eng.aspx (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Science in Australia Gender Equity. Science in Australia Gender Equity. Available online: https://www.sciencegenderequity.org.au/ (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- AAAS. See Change with STEMM Equity Achievement. Available online: https://seachange.aaas.org/ (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- National Science Foundation. ADVANCE at a Glance. Available online: https://www.nsf.gov/crssprgm/advance/ (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Government of Canada. Advisory Committee on Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Policy. Available online: http://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/program-programme/equity-equite/advisory_committee_on_equity-eng.aspx (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Government of Canada. Equity, Diversity and Inclusion. Available online: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/InterAgency-Interorganismes/EDI-EDI/Dimensions_Dimensions_eng.asp (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- The American Association of Colleges and Universities. Campus Priority Advancing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion. Available online: https://www.aacu.org/priorities/advancing-diversity-equity-and-inclusion (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Wolbring, G.; Nguyen, A. Equity/Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, and Other EDI Phrases and EDI Policy Frameworks: A Scoping Review. Trends High. Educ. 2023, 2, 168–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Humphrey, S. How to Incorporate Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion into Your Daily Life. Available online: https://sardp.ca/how-to-incorporate-equity-diversity-and-inclusion-into-your-daily-life/ (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Emens, E.F. Disability Admin: The Invisible Costs of Being Disabled. Available online: https://minnesotalawreview.org/article/disability-admin-the-invisible-costs-of-being-disabled/ (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Emens, E.F. Life Admin: How I Learned to Do Less, Do Better, and Live More; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, MA, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Mahdinia, M.; Mohammadbeigi, A.; Daneshvar, K.; Haghighat, A.R.; Sadeghi, A. The Role of Workplace Stressors on Increased Burnout in Employees of an Industrial Environment. Qom Univ. Med. Sci. J. 2015, 9, 9–11. [Google Scholar]
- Nadon, L.; De Beer, L.T.; Morin, A.J. Should burnout be conceptualized as a mental disorder? Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cunningham, T.; Pappas, S.H. Burnout research at a crossroads. AJN Am. J. Nurs. 2022, 122, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eckleberry-Hunt, J.; Kirkpatrick, H.; Barbera, T. The problems with burnout research. Acad. Med. 2018, 93, 367–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Demerouti, E.; Bakker, A.B.; Peeters, M.C.; Breevaart, K. New directions in burnout research. Eur. J. Work Org. Psychol. 2021, 30, 686–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edú-Valsania, S.; Laguía, A.; Moriano, J.A. Burnout: A review of theory and measurement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Basińska, B.A.; Wiciak, I. Fatigue and Professional Burnout in Police Officers and Firefighters. Intern. Secur. 2012, 4, 265–273. [Google Scholar]
- Bianchi, R.; Laurent, E.; Brisson, R.; Schonfeld, I.S. Chronic Occupational Stress Does Not Discriminate Burnout From Depression. Eur. Psychiatry 2015, 30, 353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Durmuş, S.Ç.; Gülnar, E.; Özveren, H. Determining digital burnout in nursing students: A descriptive research study. Nurse Educ. Today 2022, 111, 105300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eckleberry-Hunt, J.; Lick, D.; Boura, J.; Hunt, R.; Balasubramaniam, M.; Mulhem, E.; Fisher, C. An exploratory study of resident burnout and wellness. Acad. Med. 2009, 84, 269–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gould, D. Personal motivation gone awry: Burnout in competitive athletes. Quest (Natl. Assoc. Phys. Educ. High. Educ.) 1996, 48, 275–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hagel, J. The Long-Term Effect of Doing More With Less: Doing Less. J. Account. 2013, 215, 24–25. [Google Scholar]
- Hancock, C.; Garrison-Jakel, J.; Jordan, V.; Scott, T.; Les, J. Opinion. Why Family Physicians Should Not “Just” Be Family Physicians: Rethinking Physician Roles in Community Health Centers and Beyond. Fam. Pract. Manag. 2020, 27, 5–7. [Google Scholar]
- Rakhy, K.S.; Ambily, A.S. Burnout Risks among Salespersons Under Job Demand and the Mediating Role of Abusive Supervision. Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2022, 26, 26–28. [Google Scholar]
- Lund, S.; D’Angelo, J.D.; Jogerst, K.; Warner, S.G.; Busch, R.; D’Angelo, A.-L.D. Revealing hidden experiences: Gendered microaggressions and surgical faculty burnout. Surgery 2022, 172, 885–889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, S.R.; Ahmad, T.R.; Balasubramanian, V.; Facente, S.; Kin, C.; Girod, S. Are you really the doctor? Physician Experiences with Gendered Microaggressions from Patients. J. Women’s Health 2022, 31, 521–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- King, D.D.; Fattoracci, E.S.M.; Hollingsworth, D.W.; Stahr, E.; Nelson, M. When Thriving Requires Effortful Surviving: Delineating Manifestations and Resource Expenditure Outcomes of Microaggressions for Black Employees. J. Appl. Psychol. 2022, 108, 183–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sudol, N.T.; Guaderrama, N.M.; Honsberger, P.; Weiss, J.; Li, Q.; Whitcomb, E.L. Prevalence and Nature of Sexist and Racial/Ethnic Microaggressions against Surgeons and Anesthesiologists. JAMA Surg. 2021, 156, e210265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fisk, G.M.; Neville, L.B. Effects of Customer Entitlement on Service Workers’ Physical and Psychological Well-Being: A Study of Waitstaff Employees. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2011, 16, 391–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Persaud, R. How to look after your patients by looking after yourself. Postgrad. Med. J. 2004, 80, 251–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nieves, E.E.; Hartman, K.A. Burnout in Developmental Education: A Social Environmental Perspective on the Risk for Those Who Work With Students at Risk. J. Coll. Read. Learn. 2002, 32, 133–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCarter, A.K. The impact of hopelessness and hope on the social work profession. J. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ. 2007, 15, 107–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klimo, P.; DeCuypere, M.; Ragel, B.T.; McCartney, S.; Couldwell, W.T.; Boop, F.A. Career Satisfaction and Burnout Among U.S. Neurosurgeons: A Feasibility and Pilot Study. World Neurosurg. 2013, 80, e59–e68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kwon, J. The impact of career plateau on job burnout in the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderating role of regulatory focus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gluschkoff, K.; Hakanen, J.J.; Elovainio, M.; Vänskä, J.; Heponiemi, T. The relative importance of work-related psychosocial factors in physician burnout. Occup. Med. 2022, 72, 28–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alexander, G.K.; Rollins, K.; Walker, D.; Wong, L.; Pennings, J. Yoga for Self-Care and Burnout Prevention among Nurses. Workplace Health Saf. 2015, 63, 462–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Czeglédi, E.; Tandari-Kovács, M. Characteristics and prevention of burnout syndrome among nurses. Orv. Hetil. 2019, 160, 12–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szényei, G.A.; Ádám, S.; Győrffy, Z.; Túry, F. Prevention of burnout syndrome–From the traditions to the modern information technologies. Magy. Pszichol. Szle. 2015, 70, 847–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otto, M.C.B.; Van Ruysseveldt, J.; Hoefsmit, N.; Van Dam, K. The development of a proactive burnout prevention inventory: How employees can contribute to reduce burnout risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schaffran, P.; Kleinert, J.; Altfeld, S.; Zepp, C.; Kallus, K.W.; Kellmann, M. Early risk detection of burnout: Development of the burnout prevention questionnaire for coaches. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lundkvist, E.; Gustafsson, H.; Gerber, M.; Lundqvist, C.; Ivarsson, A.; Madigan, D.J. Commentary: Early Risk Detection of Burnout: Development of the Burnout Prevention Questionnaire for Coaches. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 2721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schaffran, P.; Kleinert, J.; Altfeld, S.; Zepp, C.; Kallus, K.W.; Kellmann, M. Response: Commentary: Early Risk Detection of Burnout: Development of the Burnout Prevention Questionnaire for Coaches. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 545159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barona, E.G.; Jiménez, J.C.R. Strategies for intervention and prevention of burnout in teaching. Salud Ment. 2005, 28, 27–33. [Google Scholar]
- Friedman, R. Making Family Therapy Easier for the Therapist: Burnout Prevention. Fam. Process 1985, 24, 549–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Günthner, A.; Batra, A. Prevention of burnout by stress management. Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundh.-Gesundh. 2012, 55, 183–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Longis, E.; Ottaviani, C.; Alessandri, G. Personal Resources and Organizational Outcomes: Sex as a Moderator of the Complex Relationships Between Self-Esteem, Heart Rate Variability, and Work-Related Exhaustion. Front. Neurosci. 2021, 15, 615363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dopmeijer, J.M.; Schutgens, C.A.E.; Kappe, F.R.; Gubbels, N.; Visscher, T.L.S.; Jongen, E.M.M.; Bovens, R.H.L.M.; de Jonge, J.M.; Bos, A.E.R.; Wiers, R.W. The role of performance pressure, loneliness and sense of belonging in predicting burnout symptoms in students in higher education. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0267175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- du Bois, K.; Sterkens, P.; Lippens, L.; Baert, S.; Derous, E. Beyond the Hype: (How) Are Work Regimes Associated with Job Burnout? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Geuens, N.; Franck, E.; Verheyen, H.; De Schepper, S.; Roes, L.; Vandevijvere, H.; Geurden, B.; Van Bogaert, P. Vulnerability and Stressors for Burnout Within a Population of Hospital Nurses: A Qualitative Descriptive Study. Can. J. Nurs. Res. = Rev. Can. De Rech. En Sci. Infirm. 2021, 53, 16–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Otto, M.C.B.; Hoefsmit, N.; van Ruysseveldt, J.; van Dam, K. Exploring proactive behaviors of employees in the prevention of burnout. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Otto, M.C.B.; Van Ruysseveldt, J.; Hoefsmit, N.; Van Dam, K. Examining the mediating role of resources in the temporal relationship between proactive burnout prevention and burnout. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Narváez, S.; Tobar, Á.M.; López, D.M.; Blobel, B. Human-centered design of an mhealth app for the prevention of burnout syndrome. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2016, 228, 215–219. Available online: https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/44603 (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Guen-Iti Matsuzaki, P.; Mariya, F.A.; Ueno, L.I.; Fernandes Gimenes, M.J. Physician burnout: Prevention strategies. Rev. Bras. De Med. Do Trab. 2021, 19, 511–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Corpora, M.; Leone, A.F.; Liggett, E. Burnout prevention pilot intervention for healthcare workers during COVID-19. J. Emerg. Manag. 2021, 19, 117–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hering, T.; Beerlage, I.; Kleiber, D. Job demands and resources in the ambulance service: Which organizational characteristics can lessen the effects of exposure to stress? Z. Fur Gesundh. 2011, 19, 159–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0169-01 Unfair Treatment, Discrimination or Harassment among Postsecondary Faculty and Researchers. Available online: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3710016901 (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Chen, C.W.; Gorski, P.C. Burnout in social justice and human rights activists: Symptoms, causes and implications. J. Hum. Rights Pract. 2015, 7, 366–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gleeson, J. ‘(Not) working 9-5′: The consequences of contemporary Australian-based online feminist campaigns as digital labour. Media Int. Aust. 2016, 161, 77–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorski, P.C. Fighting racism, battling burnout: Causes of activist burnout in US racial justice activists. Ethnic. Racial. Stud. 2019, 42, 667–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorski, P.C. Racial battle fatigue and activist burnout in racial justice activists of color at predominately White colleges and universities. Race Ethn. Educ. 2019, 22, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorski, P.C. Relieving Burnout and the “Martyr Syndrome” Among Social Justice Education Activists: The Implications and Effects of Mindfulness. Urban Rev. 2015, 47, 696–716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorski, P.C.; Erakat, N. Racism, whiteness, and burnout in antiracism movements: How white racial justice activists elevate burnout in racial justice activists of color in the United States. Ethnicities 2019, 19, 784–808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tavarez, J. “There’s People Out There Doing More Than Me…”: Activist Burnout Among Bisexual College Students Within LGBTQ Campus Spaces. J. Divers. High. Educ. 2022. Published ahead of Print. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vandermeulen, D.; Hasan Aslih, S.; Shuman, E.; Halperin, E. Protected by the Emotions of the Group: Perceived Emotional Fit and Disadvantaged Group Members’ Activist Burnout. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, J.M. We got you what raising up the next generation of scholar-activists has taught me. In Counternarratives from Women of Color Academics: Bravery, Vulnerability, and Resistance; Routledge: London, UK, 2018; pp. 98–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gravante, T.; Poma, A. Emotion management and collective action: Emotions in the arena of political struggle. Estud. Sociol. 2018, 36, 595–618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Potter, T. Planetary Health: The Next Frontier in Nursing Education. Creat. Nurs. 2019, 25, 201–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stokes, S.; Miller, D. Remembering “The Black Bruins”: A case study of supporting student activists at UCLA. In Student Activism, Politics, and Campus Climate in Higher Education; Routledge: London, UK, 2019; pp. 143–163. [Google Scholar]
- Vaccaro, A.; Mena, J.A. It’s not burnout, it’s more: Queer college activists of color and mental health. J. Gay Lesbian Ment. Health 2011, 15, 339–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fisher, B. Over the long haul: Burnout and hope in a conservative era. Front. A J. Women Stud. 1986, 8, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gomes, M.E. The rewards and stresses of social change: A qualitative study of peace activists. J Humanist. Psychol. 1992, 32, 138–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gerber, Z. Self-compassion as a tool for sustained and effective climate activism. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 2023, 19, 7–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gagnon, J. Campus Activism: Understanding Engagement, Inspiration, and Burnout in Student Experiences. 2020. Available online: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1695&context=srhonors_theses (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Agarwal, A. Climate Activists with Disabilities Fight for Inclusion. Available online: https://abcnews.go.com/US/climate-activists-disabilities-fight-inclusion/story?id=81042551 (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Maclin, K. The White Ally Experience: A Look Into the Impacts of Being a White Ally. Available online: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5954&context=theses (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Shell, E.M.; Hua, J.; Sullivan, P. Cultural racism and burnout among Black mental health therapists. J. Employ. Couns. 2022, 59, 102–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McClafferty, H.H.; Hubbard, D.K.; Foradori, D.; Brown, M.L.; Profit, J.; Tawfik, D.S. Physician health and wellness. Pediatrics 2022, 150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rotenstein, L.; Harry, E.; Wickner, P.; Gupte, A.; Neville, B.A.; Lipsitz, S.; Cullen, E.; Rozenblum, R.; Sequist, T.D.; Dudley, J. Contributors to Gender Differences in Burnout and Professional Fulfillment: A Survey of Physician Faculty. Jt. Comm. J. Qual. Patient Saf. 2021, 47, 723–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samuels, E.A.; Boatright, D.H.; Wong, A.H.; Cramer, L.D.; Desai, M.M.; Solotke, M.T.; Latimore, D.; Gross, C.P. Association Between Sexual Orientation, Mistreatment, and Burnout Among US Medical Students. JAMA Netw. Open 2021, 4, e2036136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fadare, O.O.; Andreski, M.; Witry, M.J. Validation of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory in pharmacists. Inov. Pharm. 2021, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fradelos, E.; Tzitzikos, G.; Giannouli, V.; Argyrou, P.; Vassilopoulou, C.; Theofilou, P. Assessment of burn-out and quality of life in nursing professionals: The contribution of perceived social support. Health Psychol. Res. 2014, 2, 984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- University of York (UK). Support, Health and Wellbeing. Available online: https://www.york.ac.uk/staff/support/wellbeing/advice/burnout/#:~:text=Burnout%20is%20a%20state%20of,unable%20to%20meet%20constant%20demands.&text=The%20effects%20of%20burnout%20can,%3A%20home%2C%20work%20and%20social. (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Queen, D.; Harding, K. Societal pandemic burnout: A COVID legacy. Int. Wound J. 2020, 17, 873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- University of Calgary. Dimensions: Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Canada. Available online: https://www.ucalgary.ca/equity-diversity-inclusion/edi-research-and-teaching/dimensions-equity-diversity-and-inclusion-canada (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- University of Calgary. University of Calgary Canada Research Chair Equity Diversity and Inclusion Action Plan. Available online: https://www.ucalgary.ca/live-uc-ucalgary-site/sites/default/files/teams/243/ucalgary-crc-edi-action-plan-updated-20190927.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Emerald Publisher. Description of Journal Equality, Equity and Inclusion. Available online: https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/journal/edi (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Colorado Governor’s Office of Information Technology. Equity, Diversity & Inclusion. Available online: https://oit.colorado.gov/about-us/edi (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Canadian Institite for Health Research (CIHR). Summary Report: Virtual Engagement Sessions to Discuss CIHR’s Anti-Racism Action Plan. Available online: https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/53275.html (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Wilfrid Laurier University. Strategic Plan for Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Office of the Associate Vice President, Equity Diversity and Inclusion Wilfrid Laurier University. Available online: https://www.wlu.ca/about/discover-laurier/equity-diversity-and-inclusion/assets/documents/edi-strategic-plan.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- President’s Task Force on Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) University of Manitoba. President’s Task Force on Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Final Report. Available online: https://umanitoba.ca/about-um/equity-diversity-inclusion/task-force-final-report (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Academic Women of SFU. Radical Inclusion: Equity and Diversity among Female Faculty at Simon Fraser University. Available online: https://www2.unbc.ca/sites/default/files/sections/equity-diversity-inclusion/radicalinclusionaug312020.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Wood, A. Why Many DEI Leaders Are Experiencing Burnout and How You Can Fix It. Available online: https://www.inc.com/arthur-woods/why-many-dei-leaders-are-experiencing-burnout-how-you-can-fix-it.html (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Bavarde Consulting & Management. Diversity Fatigue: Addressing Burnout in DEI Efforts. Available online: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/diversity-fatigue-addressing-burnout-dei-efforts/ (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences (Canada). Addressing Burnout: Is Doing Equity Work Worth the Costs? Available online: https://www.federationhss.ca/en/blog/addressing-burnout-doing-equity-work-worth-costs (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Nfonoyim, B.; Martin, A.; Ellison, A.; Wright, J.L.; Johnson, T.J. Experiences of underrepresented faculty in pediatric emergency medicine. Acad. Emerg. Med. 2021, 28, 982–992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahatmya, D.; Grooms, A.A.; Young Kim, J.; McGinnis, D.; Johnson, E. Burnout and Race-Related Stress among BIPOC Women K-12 Educators. J. Educ. Hum. Resour. 2022, 40, 58–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, A. Toward a conceptual model of hierarchical microaggression in higher education settings: A literature review. Educ. Rev. 2022, 74, 321–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Office of Equity Diversity and Inclusion. Office of Equity, Diversity and Inclusion. Available online: https://www.ucalgary.ca/equity-diversity-inclusion (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Grant, M.J.; Booth, A. A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Inf. Libr. J. 2009, 26, 91–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, K.; Drey, N.; Gould, D. What are scoping studies? A review of the nursing literature. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2009, 46, 1386–1400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arksey, H.; O’Malley, L. Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 2005, 8, 19–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ackerman-Barger, K.; Jacobs, N.N.; Orozco, R.; London, M. Addressing Microaggressions in Academic Health: A Workshop for Inclusive Excellence. MedEdPORTAL J. Teach. Learn. Resour. 2021, 17, 11103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baker, J. Through the Looking Glass: White First-year University Students’ Observations of Racism in St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Sociol. Inq. 2017, 87, 362–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fine, M.; Torre, M.E.; Frost, D.; Cabana, A. “Radical by necessity, not by choice”: From microaggressions to social activism. In Microaggression Theory: Influence and Implications; John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 244–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levchak, C.C. Microaggressions and Modern Racism: Endurance and Evolution; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2018; pp. 1–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nadal, K.L. A Decade of Microaggression Research and LGBTQ Communities: An Introduction to the Special Issue. J. Homosex. 2019, 66, 1309–1316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nadal, K.L.; Whitman, C.N.; Davis, L.S.; Erazo, T.; Davidoff, K.C. Microaggressions Toward Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Genderqueer People: A Review of the Literature. J. Sex Res. 2016, 53, 488–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nishi, N.W. It’s Only Micro When You Don’t Experience It: Stealth Racist Abuse in College Algebra. J. Divers. High. Educ. 2021. Publish Ahead of Print. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Owen, J.; Tao, K.W.; Drinane, J.M. Microaggressions: Clinical impact and psychological harm. In Microaggression Theory: Influence and Implications; John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 67–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skinta, M.; Torres-Harding, S. Confronting microaggressions: Developing innovative strategies to challenge and prevent harm. New Ideas Psychol. 2022, 65, 100921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sue, D.W. Microaggressions and student activism: Harmless impact and victimhood controversies. In Microaggression Theory: Influence and Implications; John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 227–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torino, G.C.; Rivera, D.P.; Capodilupo, C.M.; Nadal, K.L.; Sue, D.W. Microaggression theory: What the future holds. In Microaggression Theory: Influence and Implications; John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 309–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torino, G.C.; Rivera, D.P.; Capodilupo, C.M.; Nadal, K.L.; Sue, D.W. Microaggression Theory: Influence and Implications; John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 1–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torino, G.C.; Rivera, D.P.; Capodilupo, C.M.; Nadal, K.L.; Sue, D.W. Everything you wanted to know about microaggressions but didn’t get a chance to ask. In Microaggression Theory: Influence and Implications; John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 3–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Resnick, C.A.; Galupo, M.P. Assessing experiences with LGBT microaggressions in the workplace: Development and validation of the microaggression experiences at work scale. J. Homosex. 2019, 66, 1380–1403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Riggle, E.D.; Mohr, J.J.; Rostosky, S.S.; Fingerhut, A.W.; Balsam, K.F. Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Positive Identity Measure. Available online: https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Ft37069-000 (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Nadal, K.L. Measuring LGBTQ microaggressions: The sexual orientation microaggressions scale (SOMS) and the gender identity microaggressions scale (GIMS). J. Homosex. 2018, 66, 1404–1414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Balsam, K.F.; Molina, Y.; Beadnell, B.; Simoni, J.; Walters, K. Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale. Cult. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol. 2011, 17, 163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mujica, C.A.; Allen, E.L.; Bridges, A.J. Replication and extension of the acceptability of racial microaggressions scale (ARMS). Race Soc. Probl. 2022, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nadal, K.L. The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS): Construction, reliability, and validity. J. Couns. Psychol. 2011, 58, 470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heung, S.; Phutane, M.; Azenkot, S.; Marathe, M.; Vashistha, A. Nothing Micro about It: Examining Ableist Microaggressions on Social Media. In Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Athens, Greece, 23–26 October 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Moral, E.; Huete, A.; Díez, E. #MeCripple: Ableism, microaggressions, and counterspaces on Twitter in Spain. Disabil. Soc. 2022. Latest article. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coalson, G.A.; Crawford, A.; Treleaven, S.B.; Byrd, C.T.; Davis, L.; Dang, L.; Edgerly, J.; Turk, A. Microaggression and the adult stuttering experience. J. Commun. Disord. 2022, 95, 106180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lorenz, D.E. Ableist Microaggressions in the Academy: An Examination of “Blind Review”. In Global Perspectives on Microaggressions in Higher Education: Understanding and Combating Covert Violence in Universities; Routledge: London, UK, 2022; pp. 125–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Conover, K.J.; Acosta, V.M.; Bokoch, R. Perceptions of Ableist Microaggressions Among Target and Nontarget Groups. Rehabil. Psychol. 2021, 66, 565–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kattari, S.K. Ableist Microaggressions and the Mental Health of Disabled Adults. Community Ment. Health J. 2020, 56, 1170–1179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kattari, S.K.; Ingarfield, L.; Hanna, M.; McQueen, J.; Ross, K. Uncovering issues of ableism in social work education: A disability needs assessment. Soc. Work Educ. 2020, 39, 599–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aydemir-Döke, D.; Herbert, J.T. Development and Validation of the Ableist Microaggression Impact Questionnaire. Rehabil. Couns. Bull. 2022, 66, 36–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kattari, S.K. The Development and Validation of the Ableist Microaggression Scale. J. Soc. Serv. Res. 2019, 45, 400–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Conover, K.J.; Israel, T.; Nylund-Gibson, K. Development and validation of the Ableist Microaggressions Scale. Couns. Psychol. 2017, 45, 570–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoy-Ellis, C.P. Minority stress and mental health: A review of the literature. J. Homosex. 2023, 70, 806–830 . [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riggs, D.W.; Treharne, G.J. Decompensation: A novel approach to accounting for stress arising from the effects of ideology and social norms. J. Homosex. 2017, 64, 592–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.-M.; Lombera, J.M.; Larsen, L.K. Helping athletes cope with minority stress in sport. J. Sport Psychol. Action 2019, 10, 174–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beagan, B.L.; Mohamed, T.; Brooks, K.; Waterfield, B.; Weinberg, M. Microaggressions experienced by LGBTQ academics in Canada:“just not fitting in… it does take a toll”. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Educ. 2020, 34, 197–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cyrus, K. Multiple minorities as multiply marginalized: Applying the minority stress theory to LGBTQ people of color. J. Gay Lesbian Ment. Health 2017, 21, 194–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyer, I.H. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1995, 36, 38–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyer, I.H. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol. Bull. 2003, 129, 674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Botha, M.; Frost, D.M. Extending the minority stress model to understand mental health problems experienced by the autistic population. Soc. Ment. Health 2020, 10, 20–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, R.L.; Ciciurkaite, G. Disability, Discrimination, and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Stress Process Model. Soc. Ment. Health 2022, 12, 215–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lund, E.M. Examining the potential applicability of the minority stress model for explaining suicidality in individuals with disabilities. Rehabil. Psychol. 2021, 66, 183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patten, K.K. Finding Our Strengths: Recognizing Professional Bias and Interrogating Systems. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 2022, 76, 7606150010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franks, N.; Mullens, A.B.; Aitken, S.; Brömdal, A. Fostering Gender-IQ: Barriers and Enablers to Gender-affirming Behavior Amongst an Australian General Practitioner Cohort. J. Homosex. 2022, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldberg, A.E.; Smith, J.Z.; Beemyn, G. Trans activism and advocacy among transgender students in higher education: A mixed methods study. J. Divers. High. Educ. 2020, 13, 66–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edling, S.; Mooney Simmie, G. Democracy and emancipation in teacher education: A summative content analysis of teacher educators’ democratic assignment expressed in policies for Teacher Education in Sweden and Ireland between 2000–2010. Citizsh. Soc. Econ. Educ. 2017, 17, 20–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braun, V.; Clarke, V. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Clarke, V.; Braun, V. Thematic analysis. In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology; Teo, T., Ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 1947–1952. [Google Scholar]
- Hsieh, H.-F.; Shannon, S.E. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual. Health Res. 2005, 15, 1277–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Downe-Wamboldt, B. Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care Women Int. 1992, 13, 313–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baxter, P.; Jack, S. Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. Qual. Rep. 2008, 13, 544–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lincoln, Y.S.; Guba, E.G. Naturalistic Inquiry; SAGE Publications: Beverly Hills, CA, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Shenton, A.K. Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Educ. Inf. 2004, 22, 63–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKenna, J.L.; Ross, A.M.; Boskey, E.R. “Band-Aids on Bullet Holes”: Experiences of pediatric hospital social workers after 1 year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Qual. Soc. Work 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doan, S.; Greer, L.; Schwartz, H.L.; Steiner, E.D.; Woo, A. State of the American Teacher and State of the American Principal Surveys: 2022 Technical Documentation and Survey Results; Research Report. RR-A1108-3; RAND Corporation: Santa Monica, CA, USA, 2022; Available online: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1108-3.html (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Lee, D.H.; Reasoner, K.; Lee, D. Grit: What is it and why does it matter in medicine? Postgrad. Med. J. 2021. Online First.. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riggio, R.E.; Johnson, S.K. Introduction to Industrial/Organizational Psychology; Routledge: London, UK, 2022; pp. 1–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, Z.; Al-Hassan, R.S.; Barber, A. Inclusion and equity: Experiences of underrepresented in medicine physicians throughout the medical education continuum. Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care 2021, 51, 101089. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pillado, E.B.; Li, R.D.; Eng, J.S.; Chia, M.C.; Conway, A.; Gomez-Sanchez, C.; Shaw, P.; Sheahan, M.G.; Bilimoria, K.Y.; Hu, Y.Y.; et al. Persistent racial discrimination among vascular surgery trainees threatens wellness. J. Vasc. Surg. 2023, 77, 262–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vernamonti, J.; Bowen-Jallow, K.; Paredes, A.; Cockrell, H.; Morrison, Z.; Huerta, C.T.; Garcia, A.; Meckmongkol, T.T.; Oyetunji, T.A.; Ramos-Irizarry, C.T.; et al. APSA Members experience bias and discrimination in training and practice. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2022, 58, 172–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, R.; Johnson, A.; Targan, A.; Piggott, C.; Kvach, E. Taking Our Own Temperature: Using a Residency Climate Survey to Support Minority Voices. Fam. Med. 2022, 54, 129–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramas, M.-E.; Webber, S.; Braden, A.L.; Goelz, E.; Linzer, M.; Farley, H. Innovative wellness models to support advancement and retention among women physicians. Pediatrics 2021, 148, e2021051440H. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayyala, R.S.; Artunduaga, M.; Morin, C.E.; Coley, B.D. Leveraging diversity, equity and inclusion for promoting wellness in the radiology workplace. Pediatr. Radiol. 2022, 52, 1724–1729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, P.; Pinto, D.B.; Asher, S.; De Sanctis, S.; Gardner, K.; Geary, S.; Long, H.; Pelesz, J.; Peltier, D.; Thibodeau, L.; et al. An Intensive Approach to Improving Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in an Academic Emergency Department. West. J. Emerg. Med. 2022, 23, 557–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fiedler, B.P.; Mitola, R.; Cheng, J. Responding to hate: How national and local incidents sparked action at the UNLV University Libraries. Ref. Serv. Rev. 2020, 48, 63–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pemberton, A.; Kisamore, J. Assessing burnout in diversity and inclusion professionals. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion 2023, 42, 38–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aktan, O.; Orakcı, Ş.; Durnalı, M. Investigation of the relationship between burnout, life satisfaction and quality of life in parents of children with disabilities. Eur. J. Spec. Needs Educ. 2020, 35, 679–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alenezi, S.; Almadani, A.; Al Tuwariqi, M.; Alzahrani, F.; Alshabri, M.; Khoja, M.; Al Dakheel, K.; Alghalayini, K.; Alkadi, N.; Aljebreen, S.; et al. Burnout, Depression, and Anxiety Levels among Healthcare Workers Serving Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alexander, M.; Hegarty, J.R. Measuring staff burnout in a community home. Br. J. Dev. Disabil. 2000, 46, 51–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alqafari, S.M. Level of burnout among teachers of students with learning disabilities in Riyadh. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Lett. 2021, 9, 260–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alsabti, K.A. The effects of social, familial, and economic stress on social workers working with disabled individuals. J. Soc. Work 2022, 22, 1207–1226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bilgin, S.; Gozum, S. Reducing burnout in mothers with an intellectually disabled child: An education programme. J. Adv. Nurs. 2009, 65, 2552–5261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bottini, S.; Wiseman, K.; Gillis, J. Burnout in providers serving individuals with ASD: The impact of the workplace. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2020, 100, 103616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boujut, E.; Dean, A.; Grouselle, A.; Cappe, E. Comparative Study of Teachers in Regular Schools and Teachers in Specialized Schools in France, Working with Students with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Stress, Social Support, Coping Strategies and Burnout. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2016, 46, 2874–2889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Higgins, J.M.; Arnold, S.R.C.; Weise, J.; Pellicano, E.; Trollor, J.N. Defining autistic burnout through experts by lived experience: Grounded Delphi method investigating #AutisticBurnout. Autism 2021, 25, 2356–2369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mantzalas, J.; Richdale, A.L.; Adikari, A.; Lowe, J.; Dissanayake, C. What Is Autistic Burnout? A Thematic Analysis of Posts on Two Online Platforms. Autism Adulthood 2022, 4, 52–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Raymaker, D.M.; Teo, A.R.; Steckler, N.A.; Lentz, B.; Scharer, M.; Delos Santos, A.; Kapp, S.K.; Hunter, M.; Joyce, A.; Nicolaidis, C. “Having All of Your Internal Resources Exhausted Beyond Measure and Being Left with No Clean-Up Crew”: Defining Autistic Burnout. Autism Adulthood 2020, 2, 132–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zener, D. Helping autistic women thrive. Adv. Autism 2019, 5, 143–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mantzalas, J.; Richdale, A.L.; Dissanayake, C. A conceptual model of risk and protective factors for autistic burnout COMMENT. Autism Res. 2022, 15, 976–987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahony, C.; O’Ryan, C. A molecular framework for autistic experiences: Mitochondrial allostatic load as a mediator between autism and psychopathology. Front. Psychiatry 2022, 13, 985713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnold, S.R.C.; Higgins, J.M.; Weise, J.; Desai, A.; Pellicano, E.; Trollor, J.N. Confirming the nature of autistic burnout. Autism 2023. Online first. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnold, S.R.C.; Higgins, J.M.; Weise, J.; Desai, A.; Pellicano, E.; Trollor, J.N. Towards the measurement of autistic burnout. Autism 2023. Online first. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGuinness, K. An evaluation of a tool, based on spoon theory, to promote self-regulation and avoidance of burnout in autistic children and young people. Good Autism Pract. 2021, 22, 59–72. [Google Scholar]
- Pearson, A.; Rose, K. A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice. Autism Adulthood 2021, 3, 52–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brattberg, G. PTSD and ADHD: Underlying factors in many cases of burnout. Stress Health 2006, 22, 305–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomczak, M.T.; Kulikowski, K. Toward an understanding of occupational burnout among employees with autism—The Job Demands-Resources theory perspective. Curr. Psychol. 2023, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nemati, S.; Pourtaleb, N.; BadriGargari, R.; Hashemi, T.; Deetjen, R.; Shojaeian, N. The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Training Program on the Level of Academic Stress and Academic Burnout in Students with Specific Learning Disability. Adv. Neurodev. Disord. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ofoegbu, T.O.; Asogwa, U.D.; Ogbonna, C.S.; Aloh, H.E.; Eseadi, C.; Eskay, M.; Nji, G.C.; Ngwoke, O.R.; Agboti, C.I.; Nnachi, R.A.; et al. Effect of digital storytelling intervention on burnout thoughts of adolescent: Athletes with disabilities. Medicine 2020, 99, e21164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wissell, S.; Karimi, L.; Serry, T.; Furlong, L.; Hudson, J. “You Don’t Look Dyslexic”: Using the Job Demands—Resource Model of Burnout to Explore Employment Experiences of Australian Adults with Dyslexia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donoyama, N.; Takeda, F. Mental health and related factors among massage practitioners with visual impairment. Ind. Health 2007, 45, 191–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wrzesińska, M.; Binder, K.; Tabała, K.; Lipert, A.; Miller, E. Burnout and Quality of Life Among Massage Therapists with Visual Impairment. J. Occup. Rehabil. 2019, 29, 384–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gutierrez-Martínez, I.; González-Santos, J.; Rodríguez-Fernández, P.; Jiménez-Eguizábal, A.; Del Barrio-Del Campo, J.A.; González-Bernal, J.J. Explanatory factors of burnout in a sample of workers with disabilities from the special employment centres (SEC) of the Amica association, Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bode, H. Long-term prognosis. In Cerebral Palsy: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 3rd ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2018; pp. 327–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borschuk, A.P.; Molitor, S.; Everhart, R.S.; Siracusa, C.; Filigno, S.S. Executive functioning in pediatric cystic fibrosis: A preliminary study and conceptual model. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2020, 55, 939–947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nosek, M.A. Personal assistance: Its effect on the long-term health of a rehabilitation hospital population. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1993, 74, 127–132. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Alcover, C.M.; Chambel, M.J.; Fernández, J.J.; Rodríguez, F. Perceived organizational support-burnout-satisfaction relationship in workers with disabilities: The moderation of family support. Scand. J. Psychol. 2018, 59, 451–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meeks, L.M.; Pereira-Lima, K.; Plegue, M.; Jain, N.R.; Stergiopoulos, E.; Stauffer, C.; Sheets, Z.; Swenor, B.K.; Taylor, N.; Addams, A.N. Disability, program access, empathy and burnout in US medical students: A national study. Med. Educ. 2022, 57, 523–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lannem, A.M. Physical Exercise, Stress, Coping, Burnout And Fatigue In Persons With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. Eur. J. Adapt. Phys. Act. 2013, 6, 48–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- İrfan, K.M.; Alparslan, K.M. Burnout Status of U18 Women’s National Ice Hockey Team Players in Turkey. Educ. Q. Rev. 2022, 5, 81–89. [Google Scholar]
- Hasson, D.; Theorell, T.; Wallén, M.B.; Leineweber, C.; Canlon, B. Stress and prevalence of hearing problems in the Swedish working population. BMC Public Health 2011, 11, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allespach, H.; Sussman, M.; Bolanos, J.; Atri, E.; Schulman, C.I. Practice longer and stronger: Maximizing the physical well-being of surgical residents with targeted ergonomics training. J. Surg. Educ. 2020, 77, 1024–1027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rajapuram, N.; Langness, S.; Marshall, M.R.; Sammann, A. Medical students in distress: The impact of gender, race, debt, and disability. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0243250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le Borgne, M.; Boudoukha, A.H.; Petit, A.; Roquelaure, Y.; Jeoffrion, C. Burnout and work-related low-back pain: Interpersonal dimensions as significant risk factors. In Annales Medico-Psychologiques; Masson Editeur: Paris, France, 2019; pp. 243–249. [Google Scholar]
- Taspinar, F.; Taspinar, B.; Ozkan, Y.; Afsar, E.; Gul, C.; Durmaz, E.D. Relationship between fear avoidance beliefs and burnout syndrome in patients with lumbar disc herniation. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 2017, 30, 129–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gill, C.J. Depression in the context of disability and the “right to die”. Theor. Med. Bioeth. 2004, 25, 171–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stahl, D. Understanding the Voices of Disability Advocates in Physician-Assisted Suicide Debates. Christ. Bioeth. Non-Ecum. Stud. Med. Moral. 2021, 27, 279–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siegel, M.C. Lethal pity: The Oregon Death with Dignity Act, its implications for the disabled, and the struggle for equality in an able-bodied world. Law Ineq. 1998, 16, 259. [Google Scholar]
- Linton, J.C. 2020 Foresight: Practicing Ethically While Doing Things That Don’t Yet Exist. J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings 2010, 17, 278–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Savage, T.A.; Michalak, D.M. When physicians and a parent conflict on when to limit treatment for a child with significant disabilities. AJOB 2016, 16, 73–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schwartz, M.A.; Elder, B.C. A dialogue about disability praxis between a deaf law professor and a hearing education professor. In International Perspectives on Teaching with Disability; Routledge: London, UK, 2018; pp. 92–107. [Google Scholar]
- Grandey, A.A. Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2000, 5, 95–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maslach, C.; Leiter, M.P. Early Predictors of Job Burnout and Engagement. J. Appl. Psychol. 2008, 93, 498–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nahrgang, J.D.; Morgeson, F.P.; Hofmann, D.A. Safety at Work: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Link Between Job Demands, Job Resources, Burnout, Engagement, and Safety Outcomes. J. Appl. Psychol. 2011, 96, 71–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Halbesleben, J.R.B. Sources of social support and burnout: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. J. Appl. Psychol. 2006, 91, 1134–1145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gradiski, I.P.; Borovecki, A.; Ćurković, M.; San-Martín, M.; Delgado Bolton, R.C.; Vivanco, L. Burnout in International Medical Students: Characterization of Professionalism and Loneliness as Predictive Factors of Burnout. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacoby, J.L.; Cole, J.D.; Ruble, M.J.; Smith, A.B.; Laubach, L.T.; Greenberg, M.R.; Macfarlan, J.E.; DeWaay, D.J.; Barraco, R.D.; Shigo, E.; et al. Measures of Burnout and Empathy in United States Doctor of Pharmacy Students: Time for a Change? J. Pharm. Pract. 2022, 35, 940–946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toubasi, A.A.; Hasuneh, M.M.; Al Karmi, J.S.; Haddad, T.A.; Kalbouneh, H.M. Burnout Among University Students During Distance Learning Period due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross Sectional Study at the University of Jordan. Int. J. Psychiatry Med. 2022, 58, 263–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Önder, İ.; Önder, A.N.; Güven Yıldırım, E. Burnout and engagement in university students: Relationships with morningness-eveningness preferences, average sleep length and social jetlag. Biol. Rhythm Res. 2023, 54, 70–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gilbey, P.; Moffat, M.; Sharabi-Nov, A.; Cohen, O.; Kroszynski, G.N.; Karnieli-Miller, O.; Gillis, R.; Urkin, J.; Moscovici, K. Burnout in Israeli medical students: A national survey. BMC Med. Educ. 2023, 23, 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bureau of Labor Statistics United States Department of Labor (USA). The Employment Situation—February 2020. Available online: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Hamilton, P.R.; Hulme, J.A.; Harrison, E.D. Experiences of higher education for students with chronic illnesses. Disabil. Soc. 2023, 38, 21–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nieminen, J.H. Unveiling ableism and disablism in assessment: A critical analysis of disabled students’ experiences of assessment and assessment accommodations. High. Educ. 2023, 85, 613–636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moriña Díez, A.; López, R.G.; Molina, V.M. Students with disabilities in higher education: A biographical-narrative approach to the role of lecturers. High. Educ. Res. Dev. 2015, 34, 147–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moriña, A.; López-Gavira, R.; Molina, V.M. What if we could Imagine an Ideal University? Narratives by Students with Disabilities. Int. J. Disabil. Dev. Educ. 2017, 64, 353–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moriña, A.; Carnerero, F. Conceptions of Disability at Education: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Disabil. Dev. Educ. 2020, 69, 1032–1046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hutcheon, E.J.; Wolbring, G. Voices of “disabled” post secondary students: Examining higher education “disability” policy using an ableism lens. J. Divers. High. Educ. 2012, 5, 39–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lillywhite, A.; Wolbring, G. Undergraduate Disabled Students as Knowledge Producers including Researchers: A Missed Topic in Academic Literature. Educ. Sci. 2019, 9, 259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lillywhite, A.; Wolbring, G. Undergraduate Disabled Students as Knowledge Producers Including Researchers: Perspectives of Disabled Students. Educ. Sci. 2022, 12, 77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brotheridge, C.M.; Grandey, A.A. Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of “people work”. J. Vocat. Behav. 2002, 60, 17–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldberg, L.S.; Grandey, A.A. Display Rules Versus Display Autonomy: Emotion Regulation, Emotional Exhaustion, and Task Performance in a Call Center Simulation. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2007, 12, 301–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Totterdell, P.; Holman, D. Emotion Regulation in Customer Service Roles: Testing a Model of Emotional Labor. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2003, 8, 55–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zapf, D. Emotion work and psychological well-being. A review of the literature and some conceptual considerations. Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev. 2002, 12, 237–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Longmore, P.K. A note on language and the social identity of disabled people. Am. Behav. Sci. 1985, 28, 419–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Overboe, J. ‘Difference in itself’: Validating disabled people’s lived experience. Body Soc. 1999, 5, 17–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuppers, P. Bodies, hysteria, pain: Staging the invisible. In Bodies in Commotion: Disability and Performance; University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2005; pp. 147–162. [Google Scholar]
- Arneil, B. Disability, self image, and modern political theory. Polit. Theory 2009, 37, 218–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, L.J. Introduction: Disability, normality, and power. In The Disability Studies Reader, 5th ed.; Routledge: London, UK, 2016; pp. 2–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hickey-Moody, A. Being different in public. Contin. J. Media Cult. Stud. 2016, 30, 531–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bogart, K.R.; Rottenstein, A.; Lund, E.M.; Bouchard, L. Who self-identifies as disabled? An examination of impairment and contextual predictors. Rehabil. Psychol. 2017, 62, 553–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abes, E.S.; Wallace, M.M. “People see me, but they don’t see me”: An intersectional study of college students with physical disabilities. J. Coll. Stud. Dev. 2018, 59, 545–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Privado, J.; Carrasco, L.; Durán, R. Hearing Loss: Stigma Consciousness, Quality of Life and Social Identity. Span. J. Psychol. 2019, 22, E22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zanoni, P. Diversity in the lean automobile factory: Doing class through gender, disability and age. Organization 2011, 18, 105–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jammaers, E.; Zanoni, P.; Hardonk, S. Constructing positive identities in ableist workplaces: Disabled employees’ discursive practices engaging with the discourse of lower productivity. Hum. Relat. 2016, 69, 1365–1386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jammaers, E.; Zanoni, P. The Identity Regulation of Disabled Employees: Unveiling the ‘varieties of ableism’ in employers’ socio-ideological control. Organ. Stud. 2021, 42, 429–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richard, S.; Hennekam, S. Constructing a positive identity as a disabled worker through social comparison: The role of stigma and disability characteristics. J. Vocat. Behav. 2021, 125, 103528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, N.; Leigh, J. Ableism in academia: Where are the disabled and ill academics? Disabil. Soc. 2018, 33, 985–989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prowse, S. Institutional construction of disabled students. J. High. Educ. Pol. Manag. 2009, 31, 89–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riddell, S.; Weedon, E. Disabled students in higher education: Discourses of disability and the negotiation of identity. Int. J. Educ. Res. 2014, 63, 38–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cunnah, W. Disabled students: Identity, inclusion and work-based placements. Disabil. Soc. 2015, 30, 213–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reid, D.K.; Knight, M.G. Disability Justifies Exclusion of Minority Students: A Critical History Grounded in Disability Studies. Educ. Res. 2006, 35, 18–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marey, T.; Baker, S.; Williams, L.A.; Tzelios, K. Equity and STEM in elite contexts: Challenging institutional assumptions and critiquing student support. Int. J. Incl. Educ. 2021, 1–16, latest article. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0165-01 Selected Population Characteristics of Postsecondary Faculty and Researchers by Region, Role, and Employment Status. Available online: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3710016501 (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Dolan, V.L.B. ‘…but if you tell anyone, I’ll deny we ever met:’ the experiences of academics with invisible disabilities in the neoliberal university. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Educ. 2021, 36, 689–706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scorgie, K.; Scorgie, S. The disclosure dilemma: Disability, identity and self-determination. In Counseling and Coaching in Times of Crisis and Transition: From Research to Practice; Routledge: London, UK, 2017; pp. 218–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melián, E.; Meneses, J. Getting ahead in the online university: Disclosure experiences of students with apparent and hidden disabilities. Int. J. Educ. Res. 2022, 114, 101991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Cesarei, A. Psychological factors that foster or deter the disclosure of disability by university students. Psychol. Rep. 2015, 116, 665–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grimes, S.; Scevak, J.; Southgate, E.; Buchanan, R. Non-Disclosing Students with Disabilities or Learning Challenges: Characteristics and Size of a Hidden Population. Aust. Educ. Res. 2017, 44, 425–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clark, C.; Kusevskis-Hayes, R.; Wilkinson, M. How can universities encourage self-disclosure by equity students? J. Aust. N. Z. Stud. Serv. Assoc. 2019, 27, 10–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mngomezulu, S. Delayed disclosure of disability related needs: Experiences of “at-risk” students in a South African university. J. Psychol. Afr. 2019, 29, 270–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abes, E.S.; Darkow, D.C. Using Crip Theory to Create Campus Cultures That Foster Students’ Disability Disclosure (Practice Brief). J. Postsecond. Educ. Disabil. 2020, 33, 223–231. [Google Scholar]
- Newman, L.A.; Madaus, J.W.; Lalor, A.R.; Javitz, H.S. Effect of Accessing Supports on Higher Education Persistence of Students With Disabilities. J. Divers. High. Educ. 2021, 14, 353–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Newman, L.A.; Madaus, J.W. Reported accommodations and supports provided to secondary and postsecondary students with disabilities: National perspective. Career Dev. Transit. Except. Individ. 2015, 38, 173–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graham-Smith, S.; Lafayette, S. Quality Disability Support for Promoting Belonging and Academic Success within the College Community. Coll. Stud. J. 2004, 38, 90–100. [Google Scholar]
- Carter, B.B.; Spencer, V.G. The fear factor: Bullying and students with disabilities. Int. J. Spec. Educ. 2006, 21, 11–23. [Google Scholar]
- Salmon, N. ‘We just stick together’: How disabled teens negotiate stigma to create lasting friendship. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 2013, 57, 347–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ile, P. Disability Through My Lens: The Experiences of Inclusion and Belonging of Students with Disabilities at SFU. Available online: http://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/11966/Ile_Precious%20_MACD_2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Martin, N. A preliminary study of some broad disability related themes within the Edinburgh festival fringe. Disabil. Soc. 2010, 25, 539–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mik-Meyer, N. Othering, ableism and disability: A discursive analysis of co-workers’ construction of colleagues with visible impairments. Hum. Relat. 2016, 69, 1341–1363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nachman, B.R.; Brown, K.R. Omission and Othering: Constructing Autism on Community College Websites. Community Coll. J. Res. Pract. 2020, 44, 211–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diep, L. Master Thesis: Anticipatory Governance, Anticipatory Advocacy, Knowledge Brokering, and the State of Disabled People’s Rights Advocacy in Canada: Perspectives of Two Canadian Cross-Disability Rights Organizations. Available online: https://prism.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/handle/11023/4051/ucalgary_2017_diep_lucy.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- United Nations. United Nations 2018 Flagship Report on Disability and Development: Realization of the Sustainable Development Goals by, for and with Persons with Disabilities. Available online: https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/publication-disability-sdgs.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThe%20UN%20Flagship%20Report%20on,can%20create%20a%20more%20inclusive (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Withers, A.; Ben-Moshe, L.; Brown, L.X.; Erickson, L.; da Silva Gorman, R.; Lewis, T.A.; McLeod, L.; Mingus, M. Radical disability politics. In Routledge Handbook of Radical Politics; Routledge: London, UK, 2019; pp. 178–193. [Google Scholar]
- Fenney, D. Ableism and disablism in the UK environmental movement. Environ. Values 2017, 26, 503–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fenney Salkeld, D. Environmental citizenship and disability equality: The need for an inclusive approach. Environ. Polit. 2019, 28, 1259–1280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorski, P.C.; Chen, C. “Frayed all over:” The causes and consequences of activist burnout among social justice education activists. Educ. Stud. 2015, 51, 385–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Volpone, S.D.; Avery, D.R. It’s self defense: How perceived discrimination promotes employee withdrawal. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2013, 18, 430–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abresch, C.; Gilbert, C.; Johnson, M.; Karki, B.; Lyons, K.; Meyer, K.; Tibbits, M.; Toure, D. Understanding the Emotional Labor of Public Health Equity Work: A Mixed Methods Study. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 2022, 10, 1047–1057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merriam-Webster. Ableism. Available online: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ableism (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Miller, P.; Parker, S.; Gillinson, S. Disablism How to Tackle the Last Prejudice. Available online: http://www.demos.co.uk/files/disablism.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2023).
- Zadel, A. Connections between personality traits and work experiences. Int. J. Bus. Syst. Res. 2018, 12, 69–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dyrbye, L.N.; Thomas, M.R.; Eacker, A.; Harper, W.; Massie, F.S., Jr.; Power, D.V.; Huschka, M.; Novotny, P.J.; Sloan, J.A.; Shanafelt, T.D. Race, ethnicity, and medical student well-being in the United States. Arch. Intern. Med. 2007, 167, 2103–2109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Velez, B.L.; Cox, R.; Polihronakis, C.J.; Moradi, B. Discrimination, work outcomes, and mental health among women of color: The protective role of womanist attitudes. J. Couns. Psychol. 2018, 65, 178–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taka, F.; Nomura, K.; Horie, S.; Takemoto, K.; Takeuchi, M.; Takenoshita, S.; Murakami, A.; Hiraike, H.; Okinaga, H.; Smith, D.R. Organizational climate with gender equity and burnout among university academics in Japan. Ind. Health 2016, 54, 480–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore, L.R.; Ziegler, C.; Hessler, A.; Singhal, D.; LaFaver, K. Burnout and career satisfaction in women neurologists in the United States. J. Women’s Health 2019, 28, 515–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chesak, S.S.; Cutshall, S.; Anderson, A.; Pulos, B.; Moeschler, S.; Bhagra, A. Burnout Among Women Physicians: A Call to Action. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2020, 22, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kemper, K.J.; Schwartz, A. Bullying, Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Physical Violence: Common and Associated With Burnout in Pediatric Residents. Acad. Pediatr. 2020, 20, 991–997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Köllen, T. A review of minority stress related to employees’ demographics and the development of an intersectional framework for their coping strategies in the workplace. Role Demogr. Occup. Stress Well Being 2014, 12, 41–82. [Google Scholar]
- Waldo, C.R. Working in a majority context: A structural model of heterosexism as minority stress in the workplace. J. Couns. Psychol. 1999, 46, 218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Velez, B.L.; Moradi, B.; Brewster, M.E. Testing the tenets of minority stress theory in workplace contexts. J. Couns. Psychol. 2013, 60, 532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fanniff, A.M.; Alexander, A.A. Improving Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Research on Sexual Abuse Perpetration; SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2022; Volume 34, pp. 780–805. [Google Scholar]
Strategy | Sources | Search Terms | Hits |
---|---|---|---|
Strategy 1 | Scopus/EBSCO-HOST/Web of Science | ABS (Burnout) AND ABS (ADHD OR “Attention deficit” OR Autism OR “Autism spectrum disorder” OR Deaf OR Disabled OR “Disabled people” OR Dyslexia OR “Hearing impairment” OR “Learning disability” OR “learning impairment” OR “Neurodiv*” OR “People with disabilities” OR “Physical disability” OR “Speech impairment” OR “Visual impairment” OR Wheelchair) | 563 (downloaded)—duplicates = 303 abstracts used for analysis |
Strategy 2 | Scopus/EBSCO-HOST/Web of Science | ABS (Burnout) AND ABS (disabilit*) | 1052 (downloaded)-duplicates = 461 abstracts used for analysis. |
Strategy 3 | Scopus/EBSCO-HOST/Web of Science | ABS (“disability burnout” OR “autistic burnout” OR “deaf burnout” or “blind burnout” OR “impairment burnout” or “autism burnout” OR “ADHD burnout” OR “neurodiv* burnout” OR “Autism spectrum disorder burnout” or “attention deficit burnout” OR “dyslexia burnout” or “ableism burnout” OR “disablism burnout” OR “ability burnout” OR “wheelchair burnout” OR “disabled burnout”) | 51 (downloaded)-duplicates = 26 abstracts used for analysis |
Strategy 4 | Scopus/EBSCO-HOST/Web of Science | Full text (“disability burnout”) | 2 (both false positive) |
Strategy 5 | Google Scholar | “disability burnout” | 75 (after clicking on every result that suggested English text), full text were downloaded (7 were relevant after reading the full texts) |
Strategy 6 | Scopus/EBSCO-HOST/Web of Science | ABS (Burnout) AND ABS (“Athena SWAN” OR “See change with STEMM Equity Achievement” OR “Dimensions: equity, diversity and inclusion” OR “Science in Australia Gender Equity” OR “NSF ADVANCE” OR “equity, diversity and inclusion” OR “equality, diversity and inclusion” OR “diversity, equity and inclusion” OR “diversity, equality and inclusion” OR “Belonging, Dignity, and Justice” OR “Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging” OR “diversity, Dignity, and Inclusion” OR “Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, and Accessibility” OR “Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion” OR “Inclusion, Diversity, Equity and Accessibility” OR “Inclusion, Diversity, Equity and Accountability” OR “Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, and Decolonization”) | 28 downloaded- duplicates = 13 abstracts used for analysis |
Strategy 7 | Scopus | ABS (burnout) AND Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion (2010–2022) (title of journal). The title of its predecessor Equal Opportunities International (1981–2010) was not available in Scopus and journal Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal (2010–2013) Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion at Work: A Research Companion (2009) | 1 (downloaded) |
Terms | Burnout in Abstracts 121, 581 = 100% |
---|---|
EDI-related Groups | |
ADHD | 27 |
“African-American” | 175 |
Addiction | 616 |
“Anxiety disorder” | 405 |
Asian | 305 |
“Attention deficit” | 19 |
Autism | 364 |
“Autism spectrum disorder” | 85 |
“Black” | 572 (but very likely much less if linked to a human) |
“Chronic disease” | 260 |
“Chronic pain” | 81 |
“Comprehension disability” | 0 |
Deaf | 16 |
Depression | X (over 1000) |
Diabetes | 506 |
Disabilit* | 1653 (this number is higher than in strategy 2 because once one downloads the abstracts in EBSCO-HOST it eliminates the duplicates of results based on the 70 databases it covers) |
Disabled | 296 |
“Disabled people” | 13 |
Disease | X (over 1000) |
Dyslexia | 5 |
Ethnic* | 292 |
Gay OR lesbian OR “homosexual*” | 80 |
Gender | X (over 1000) |
“Hard of Hearing” | 6 |
“Hearing impairment” | 11 |
Hispanic* | 201 |
“HIV/AIDS” | 186 |
Impaired | 732 |
Impairment | X (over 1000) |
“Indigenous People*” OR “Aboriginal*” OR “First Nation*” OR Metis OR Inuit OR “Native American*” | 83 |
Latin* | 220 |
“Learning disability” OR “learning impairment” | 26 |
“LGBT*” | 50 |
“Medical condition” | 55 |
“Mental health” | X (over 1000) |
“Mental illness” | X (over 1000) |
“Neurodiv*” | 13 |
“Of color” OR “of colour” | 335 |
Patient | X (over 1000) |
“People with disabilities” | 34 |
“Physical disability” | 22 |
Race | 586 |
“Racialized” | 16 |
“Racialized minorit*” | 0 |
Schizophrenia | 77 |
“Speech impairment” | 0 |
Transgender | 39 |
“Visible minorit*” | 0 |
“Visual impairment” | 9 |
Wheelchair | 13 |
Women | X (over 1000) |
Isms, and Phobias | |
Ableism | 5 |
“Ageism” or “agism” | 8 |
Anti-racism | 2 |
Colonialism | 0 |
Disablism | 0 |
Homophobia | 9 |
“Racism” | 248 |
Sexism | 11 |
Transphobia | 2 |
Disability terms in phrase with burnout (all hits checked, and false positives not recorded) | |
“Autistic burnout” | 11 |
“Ability burnout” | Returned hits but all false positive so 0 |
“Ableism burnout” | 0 even 0 with full text search |
“ADHD burnout” | 0 |
“Attention deficit burnout” | 0 |
“Autism burnout” | 0 |
“Autism spectrum disorder burnout” | 0 |
“Blind burnout” | 0 |
“Deaf burnout” | 0 |
“Disability burnout” | Returned hits but all false positive so 0 |
“Disabled burnout” | 0 |
“Disablism burnout” | 0 even 0 in full text search |
“Dyslexia burnout” | 0 |
“Impairment burnout” | Returned hits but all false positive so 0 |
“Neurodiv* burnout” | 0 |
“Wheelchair burnout” | 0 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wolbring, G.; Lillywhite, A. Burnout through the Lenses of Equity/Equality, Diversity and Inclusion and Disabled People: A Scoping Review. Societies 2023, 13, 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13050131
Wolbring G, Lillywhite A. Burnout through the Lenses of Equity/Equality, Diversity and Inclusion and Disabled People: A Scoping Review. Societies. 2023; 13(5):131. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13050131
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolbring, Gregor, and Aspen Lillywhite. 2023. "Burnout through the Lenses of Equity/Equality, Diversity and Inclusion and Disabled People: A Scoping Review" Societies 13, no. 5: 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13050131
APA StyleWolbring, G., & Lillywhite, A. (2023). Burnout through the Lenses of Equity/Equality, Diversity and Inclusion and Disabled People: A Scoping Review. Societies, 13(5), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13050131