Examining the Association between Recent Maternal Incarceration and Adolescents’ Sleep Patterns, Dietary Behaviors, and Physical Activity Involvement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Prevalence of Maternal Incarceration
1.2. Maternal Incarceration and Health Risk Behaviors
1.3. The Current Study
2. Methods
2.1. Dataset
2.2. Sample
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Dependent Variables
2.3.2. Independent Variable
2.3.3. Control Variables
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Comparative Statistics
3.3. Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | M/% | SD | Range | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Incarceration History | 3150 | 0–1 | ||
Yes | 147 | 4.67% | ||
No | 3003 | 95.33% | ||
Sleep Patterns | ||||
Sleep Deprivation | 3262 | 0–1 | ||
Yes | 446 | 13.67% | ||
No | 2816 | 86.33% | ||
Trouble with Falling Asleep | 3241 | 1.75 | 2.04 | 0–7 |
Trouble with Staying Asleep | 3241 | 1.28 | 1.96 | 0–7 |
Dietary Behaviors | ||||
Breakfast Consumption ≥ 4 Days per Week | 3241 | 0–1 | ||
Yes | 1699 | 52.42% | ||
No | 1542 | 47.58% | ||
Fruit or Vegetables Consumption 7 Days per Week | 3229 | 0–1 | ||
Yes | 998 | 30.91% | ||
No | 2231 | 69.09% | ||
Fast Food Consumption ≥ 2 Days per Week | 3240 | 0–1 | ||
Yes | 1581 | 48.80% | ||
No | 1659 | 51.20% | ||
Sugar Consumption ≥ 2 per Day | 3220 | 0–1 | ||
Yes | 2007 | 62.33% | ||
No | 1213 | 37.67% | ||
Physical Activity Involvement | ||||
Moderate Physical Activity 7 Days per Week | 3210 | 0–1 | ||
Yes | 593 | 18.47% | ||
No | 2617 | 81.53% | ||
Vigorous Physical Activity ≥ 3 Days per Week | 3210 | 0–1 | ||
Yes | 1905 | 59.35% | ||
No | 1305 | 40.65% | ||
Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||
Gender | 3262 | 0–1 | ||
Boy | 1674 | 51.32% | ||
Girl | 1588 | 48.68% | ||
Race/Ethnicity | 3090 | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 561 | 18.16% | ||
Black/African American | 1514 | 49.00% | ||
Hispanic/Latino | 769 | 24.89% | ||
Multiracial or Other | 246 | 7.96% | ||
Mothers’ Education Level | 3241 | |||
Less than High School | 567 | 17.49% | ||
High School/Equivalent | 611 | 18.85% | ||
Some College | 1436 | 44.31% | ||
College/Graduate School | 627 | 19.35% | ||
Household Income | 3257 | 61,228.32 | 62,695.60 | 0–800,000 |
Family Structure | 3257 | |||
Both Parents | 964 | 29.60% | ||
Mother Only | 1313 | 40.31% | ||
Mother and New Partner | 757 | 23.24% | ||
Father Only | 105 | 3.22% | ||
Father and New Partner | 106 | 3.25% | ||
Other PCGs | 12 | 0.37% | ||
Stable Housing | 3255 | |||
Yes | 3190 | 98.00% | ||
No | 65 | 2.00% | ||
Paternal Incarceration | 3214 | |||
Yes | 376 | 11.70% | ||
No | 2838 | 88.30% |
With Maternal Incarceration | Without Maternal Incarceration | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 147) | (N = 3003) | |||||
n | M (SD)/% | n | M (SD)/% | χ2/t | p | |
Sleep Patterns | ||||||
Sleep Deprivation | 25 | 17.01% | 411 | 13.69% | 1.30 | 0.255 |
Problems Falling Asleep | 146 | 1.96 (2.24) | 2984 | 1.73 (2.02) | −1.39 | 0.164 |
Problems Staying Asleep | 145 | 1.70 (2.26) | 2986 | 1.26 (1.95) | −2.65 | 0.008 |
Dietary Behaviors | ||||||
Breakfast Consumption | 61 | 41.78% | 1575 | 52.76% | 6.73 | 0.009 |
Fruit or Vegetables Consumption | 48 | 33.10% | 904 | 30.40% | 0.48 | 0.489 |
Fast Food Consumption | 84 | 57.53% | 1451 | 48.61% | 4.44 | 0.035 |
Sweetened Drink Consumption | 105 | 71.92% | 1844 | 62.21% | 5.60 | 0.018 |
Physical Activity Involvement | ||||||
Moderate Physical Activity | 26 | 18.06% | 540 | 18.26% | 0.00 | 0.952 |
Vigorous Physical Activity | 83 | 57.64% | 1747 | 59.06% | 0.11 | 0.735 |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||
Gender (ref: Girl) | 81 | 55.10% | 1534 | 51.08% | 0.91 | 0.341 |
Race/Ethnicity | 2.55 | 0.466 | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 25 | 17.73% | 509 | 17.85% | ||
Black/African American | 72 | 51.06% | 1403 | 49.21% | ||
Hispanic/Latino | 29 | 20.57% | 716 | 25.11% | ||
Multiracial or Other | 15 | 10.64% | 223 | 7.82% | ||
Mothers’ Education Level | 18.17 | <0.001 | ||||
Less than High School | 29 | 20.28% | 518 | 17.33% | ||
High School/Equivalent | 29 | 20.28% | 558 | 18.67% | ||
Some College | 77 | 53.85% | 1320 | 44.16% | ||
College/Graduate School | 8 | 5.59% | 593 | 19.84% | ||
Household Income | 147 | 40,262.81 (34,337.94) | 2998 | 61,255.38 (62,654.37) | 4.03 | <0.001 |
Family Structure | 137.32 | <0.001 | ||||
Both Parents | 12 | 8.16% | 922 | 30.73% | ||
Mother Only | 72 | 48.98% | 1237 | 41.23% | ||
Mother and New Partner | 30 | 20.41% | 725 | 24.17% | ||
Father Only | 16 | 10.88% | 61 | 2.03% | ||
Father and New Partner | 16 | 10.88% | 44 | 1.47% | ||
Other Primary Caregivers | 1 | 0.68% | 11 | 0.37% | ||
Stable Housing | 143 | 97.28% | 2939 | 97.97% | 0.33 | 0.567 |
Paternal Incarceration | 41 | 28.47% | 335 | 11.25% | 38.46 | <0.001 |
Sleep Deprivation (N = 2941) | Have Problems Falling Asleep (N = 2941) | Have Problems Staying Asleep (N = 2929) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p | 95% CI | B | p | B | p | |
Maternal Incarceration | 1.29 | 0.290 | 0.80–2.08 | 0.32 + | 0.073 | 0.44 * | 0.012 |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | |||||||
Gender a | 0.92 | 0.433 | 0.74–1.13 | −0.45 *** | <0.001 | −0.35 *** | <0.001 |
Race/Ethnicity b | |||||||
Black/African American | 1.73 ** | 0.002 | 1.22–2.43 | −0.48 *** | <0.001 | −0.16 | 0.151 |
Hispanic/Latino | 1.11 | 0.602 | 0.75–1.63 | −0.39 ** | 0.001 | −0.29 * | 0.016 |
Multiracial or Other | 1.48 | 0.101 | 0.93–2.36 | −0.19 | 0.246 | −0.12 | 0.455 |
Household Income | 1.00 | 0.781 | 1.00–1.00 | −0.00 * | 0.016 | −0.00 * | 0.025 |
Mothers’ Education Level c | |||||||
High School/Equivalent | 1.10 | 0.641 | 0.75–1.60 | −0.17 | 0.180 | −0.11 | 0.352 |
Some College | 1.35 + | 0.072 | 0.97–1.86 | −0.12 | 0.284 | −0.07 | 0.523 |
College/Graduate School | 1.42 + | 0.092 | 0.94–2.12 | −0.02 | 0.916 | −0.26 + | 0.052 |
Family Structure d | |||||||
Mother Only | 1.26 | 0.121 | 0.94–1.70 | 0.21 * | 0.037 | 0.07 | 0.454 |
Mother and New Partner | 1.36 + | 0.051 | 1.00–1.86 | 0.36 ** | 0.001 | 0.37 *** | <0.001 |
Father Only | 1.17 | 0.671 | 0.57–2.40 | −0.46 + | 0.070 | −0.21 | 0.400 |
Father and New Partner | 1.07 | 0.884 | 0.44–2.61 | 0.32 | 0.278 | 0.37 | 0.195 |
Other PCGs | 0.78 | 0.817 | 0.10–6.25 | −0.11 | 0.853 | 0.12 | 0.837 |
Housing Status e | 1.33 | 0.518 | 0.56–3.13 | 0.20 | 0.462 | −0.44 + | 0.096 |
Paternal Incarceration | 0.84 | 0.292 | 0.60–1.17 | 0.14 | 0.236 | 0.03 | 0.825 |
F Statistic | 5.55 | <0.001 | 4.76 | <0.001 |
Breakfast Consumption (N = 2926) | Fruit and Vegetables Consumption (N = 2916) | Fast food Consumption (N = 2926) | Sweetened Drink Consumption (N = 2907) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI | |
Maternal Incarceration | 0.73 + | 0.085 | 0.50–1.05 | 1.23 | 0.297 | 0.84–1.79 | 1.26 | 0.216 | 0.88–1.81 | 1.15 | 0.493 | 0.77–1.71 |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||||||||
Gender a | 1.73 *** | <0.001 | 1.49–2.00 | 0.77 ** | 0.001 | 0.65–0.90 | 1.09 | 0.244 | 0.94–1.27 | 1.33 *** | <0.001 | 1.14–1.55 |
Race/Ethnicity b | ||||||||||||
Black/African American | 0.90 | 0.337 | 0.71–1.12 | 0.74 * | 0.010 | 0.58–0.93 | 1.96 *** | <0.001 | 1.56–2.46 | 1.81 *** | <0.001 | 1.44–2.28 |
Hispanic/Latino | 1.01 | 0.950 | 0.79–1.29 | 0.56 *** | <0.001 | 0.43–0.73 | 1.66 *** | <0.001 | 1.30–2.13 | 1.24 + | 0.086 | 0.97–1.60 |
Multiracial or Other | 0.98 | 0.884 | 0.71–1.35 | 0.77 | 0.131 | 0.55–1.08 | 1.294 | 0.117 | 0.94–1.79 | 1.18 | 0.322 | 0.85–1.63 |
Household Income | 1.00 + | 0.083 | 1.00–1.00 | 1.00 | 0.180 | 1.00–1.00 | 1.00 | 0.600 | 1.00–1.00 | 1.00 ** | 0.002 | 1.00–1.00 |
Mothers’ Education Level c | ||||||||||||
High School/Equivalent | 1.01 | 0.951 | 0.78–1.29 | 1.15 | 0.341 | 0.86–1.54 | 0.86 | 0.252 | 0.67–1.11 | 1.15 | 0.322 | 0.87–1.50 |
Some College | 0.85 | 0.133 | 0.68–1.05 | 1.37 * | 0.014 | 1.06–1.75 | 0.75 * | 0.010 | 0.60–0.93 | 0.86 | 0.205 | 0.68–1.09 |
College/Graduate School | 1.09 | 0.547 | 0.83–1.44 | 1.83 *** | <0.001 | 1.35–2.47 | 0.69 ** | 0.007 | 0.52–0.90 | 0.63 ** | 0.002 | 0.47–0.85 |
Family Structure d | ||||||||||||
Mother Only | 0.79 * | 0.020 | 0.65–0.96 | 0.97 | 0.764 | 0.78–1.20 | 1.37 ** | 0.002 | 1.12–1.67 | 1.28 * | 0.021 | 1.04–1.57 |
Mother and New Partner | 0.73 ** | 0.004 | 0.59–0.91 | 0.91 | 0.437 | 0.72–1.15 | 1.46 *** | <0.001 | 1.18–1.81 | 1.31 * | 0.017 | 1.05–1.63 |
Father Only | 0.67 | 0.123 | 0.41–1.11 | 0.75 | 0.316 | 0.42–1.32 | 1.01 | 0.963 | 0.61–1.68 | 1.93 * | 0.022 | 1.10–3.39 |
Father and New Partner | 1.15 | 0.644 | 0.63–2.10 | 1.20 | 0.565 | 0.65–2.22 | 1.55 | 0.143 | 0.86–2.78 | 2.02 * | 0.038 | 1.04–3.94 |
Other PCGs | 0.51 | 0.294 | 0.15–1.78 | 1.35 | 0.641 | 0.38–4.74 | 1.42 | 0.574 | 0.42–4.77 | 1.20 | 0.781 | 0.34–4.24 |
Housing Status e | 1.15 | 0.606 | 0.67–1.96 | 0.85 | 0.582 | 0.48–1.51 | 0.93 | 0.796 | 0.55–1.59 | 0.71 | 0.262 | 0.39–1.29 |
Paternal Incarceration | 0.92 | 0.487 | 0.73–1.16 | 1.15 | 0.274 | 0.89–1.48 | 0.99 | 0.927 | 0.78–1.25 | 1.34 * | 0.029 | 1.03–1.75 |
Moderate Physical Activity Involvement | Vigorous Physical Activity Incorporation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI | |
Maternal Incarceration | 0.83 | 0.463 | 0.51–1.36 | 1.04 | 0.856 | 0.71–1.51 |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||
Gender a | 2.64 *** | <0.001 | 2.15–3.24 | 2.73 *** | <0.001 | 2.33–3.19 |
Race/Ethnicity b | ||||||
Black/African American | 1.00 | 0.983 | 0.75–1.34 | 1.14 | 0.279 | 0.90–1.44 |
Hispanic/Latino | 0.90 | 0.517 | 0.65–1.24 | 1.31 * | 0.042 | 1.01–1.69 |
Multiracial or Other | 1.45 + | 0.055 | 0.99–2.13 | 1.49 * | 0.023 | 1.06–2.11 |
Household Income | 1.00 | 0.218 | 1.00–1.00 | 1.00 *** | <0.001 | 1.00–1.00 |
Mothers’ Education Level c | ||||||
High School/Equivalent | 1.22 | 0.255 | 0.87–1.72 | 1.41 ** | 0.009 | 1.09–1.83 |
Some College | 1.10 | 0.548 | 0.81–1.49 | 1.36 ** | 0.007 | 1.09–1.71 |
College/Graduate School | 1.41 + | 0.062 | 0.98–2.03 | 1.38 * | 0.032 | 1.03–1.84 |
Family Structure d | ||||||
Mother Only | 0.79 + | 0.075 | 0.61–1.02 | 0.90 | 0.311 | 0.73–1.11 |
Mother and New Partner | 0.83 | 0.179 | 0.63–1.09 | 0.88 | 0.282 | 0.71–1.11 |
Father Only | 1.54 | 0.145 | 0.86–2.75 | 0.90 | 0.704 | 0.53–1.53 |
Father and New Partner | 1.56 | 0.177 | 0.82–3.00 | 0.69 | 0.230 | 0.37–1.27 |
Other PCGs | 0.63 | 0.663 | 0.08–5.05 | 0.54 | 0.344 | 0.15–1.92 |
Housing Status e | 0.80 | 0.496 | 0.41–1.54 | 1.03 | 0.920 | 0.59–1.79 |
Paternal Incarceration | 1.09 | 0.601 | 0.80–1.48 | 0.99 | 0.934 | 0.77–1.27 |
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Zhao, Q.; He, N.; Avellaneda, F.; Parrish, D.E. Examining the Association between Recent Maternal Incarceration and Adolescents’ Sleep Patterns, Dietary Behaviors, and Physical Activity Involvement. Societies 2023, 13, 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13040098
Zhao Q, He N, Avellaneda F, Parrish DE. Examining the Association between Recent Maternal Incarceration and Adolescents’ Sleep Patterns, Dietary Behaviors, and Physical Activity Involvement. Societies. 2023; 13(4):98. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13040098
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Qianwei, Ning He, Flor Avellaneda, and Danielle E. Parrish. 2023. "Examining the Association between Recent Maternal Incarceration and Adolescents’ Sleep Patterns, Dietary Behaviors, and Physical Activity Involvement" Societies 13, no. 4: 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13040098