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Article

Effects of Rule Modifications on the Quality and Manner of Technical Skill Execution in Youth Volleyball

1
Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport Management, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53144, USA
2
Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain
3
Department of Physical Activity and Sport, CEU Cardenal Spinola Centre for University Studies, 41930 Bormujos, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sports 2026, 14(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14040132
Submission received: 8 December 2025 / Revised: 3 March 2026 / Accepted: 24 March 2026 / Published: 26 March 2026

Abstract

The aim was to assess the effect of changes in both the net height and the court size, as well as serve limitations on the manner of execution of the technical-tactical actions in youth volleyball. A total of 29 female under-14 volleyball players from three regional club teams participated in the study. A quasi-experimental design was applied. The independent variables included: (a) Tournament following the standard rules, (b) Experimental Tournament 1 (lowering of the net height from 2.10 m to 2 m, no jump serves, and a two serve per-player and -rotation maximum), and (c) Experimental Tournament 2 (lowering of net height from 2.10 m to 2 m, reduced court size from 9 × 9 m to 8 × 8 m, no jump serves, and a two serve per-player and -rotation maximum). Experimental Tournament 1 involved reductions in ball control, duration of the game phases, the occurrence of actions, and their efficacy. Experimental Tournament 2 involved increases in ball control, the duration of the game phase, the occurrence and variability of actions, and their efficacy. Lowering the net height and reducing the court size while adapting the serve rules (Experimental Tournament 2) resulted in situations that were better adapted to this population.
Keywords: team sport; development; constraints; scaling; competition team sport; development; constraints; scaling; competition

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MDPI and ACS Style

Palao, J.M.; Alvarado-Ruano, R.; Salado, J.; Ortega-Toro, E. Effects of Rule Modifications on the Quality and Manner of Technical Skill Execution in Youth Volleyball. Sports 2026, 14, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14040132

AMA Style

Palao JM, Alvarado-Ruano R, Salado J, Ortega-Toro E. Effects of Rule Modifications on the Quality and Manner of Technical Skill Execution in Youth Volleyball. Sports. 2026; 14(4):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14040132

Chicago/Turabian Style

Palao, José M., Ruth Alvarado-Ruano, Jesús Salado, and Enrique Ortega-Toro. 2026. "Effects of Rule Modifications on the Quality and Manner of Technical Skill Execution in Youth Volleyball" Sports 14, no. 4: 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14040132

APA Style

Palao, J. M., Alvarado-Ruano, R., Salado, J., & Ortega-Toro, E. (2026). Effects of Rule Modifications on the Quality and Manner of Technical Skill Execution in Youth Volleyball. Sports, 14(4), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14040132

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