The Bionomics of the Cocoa Mealybug, Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on Mangosteen Fruit and Three Alternative Hosts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Preparation of Fruit Hosts and Rearing of Mealybug E. hispidus
2.2. Morphometrics of Adult Female E. hispidus
2.3. Growth, Development, and Reproduction of E. hispidus
2.4. Water, Nitrogen, and Total Sugar Content of the Host Fruits
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Morphology of E. hispidus
3.2. The Bionomics of E. hispidus
3.3. The Reproduction of E. hispidus
3.4. Water, Nitrogen, and Total Sugar Content in Host Fruits
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Average Number of Days per Developmental Stage (Days ± SE) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
First Instar | Second Instar | Third Instar | Life Cycle | |
Host fruit | ||||
Guava | 8.8 ± 0.7 a | 7.3 ± 0.4 a | 8.2 ± 0.4 a | 38.3 ± 1.8 a |
Kabocha | 7.7 ± 0.5 b | 6.0 ± 0.6 b | 6.9 ± 0.5 b | 32.4 ± 1.3 c |
Mangosteen | 9.1 ± 0.7 a | 7.3 ± 0.5 a | 8.4 ± 0.7 a | 38.2 ± 2.1 a |
Soursop | 8.0 ± 0.7 b | 7.1 ± 0.5 a | 8.2 ± 0.8 a | 35.2 ± 2.5 b |
F | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
df | 3,76 | 3,76 | 3,76 | 3,76 |
p | 20.60 | 29.89 | 27.36 | 40.80 |
Period (In Days) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Prebirthing | Birthing | Postbirthing | Adult longevity | |
Host | ||||
Guava | 14.1 ± 0.8 a | 10.1 ± 3.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.8 ab | 25.3 ± 3.0 a |
Kabocha | 11.8 ± 0.7 b | 8.9 ± 2.7 ab | 0.6 ± 0.7 b | 21.3 ± 2.2 b |
Mangosteen | 13.5 ± 1.1 a | 6.2 ± 1.6 c | 1.1 ± 0.9 ab | 20.7 ± 1.7 b |
Soursop | 12.0 ± 1.17 b | 7.4 ± 2.9 bc | 1.4 ± 0.8 a | 20.8 ± 2.5 b |
F | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0146 | 0.0001 |
df | 3,76 | 3,76 | 3,76 | 3,76 |
p | 26.56 | 8.61 | 3.74 | 16.97 |
Host Fruits | Water Content (%) | Nitrogen Content (%) | Total Sugar Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Guava | 88.84 | 0.67 | 10.53 |
Kabocha | 93.77 | 1.97 | 5.65 |
Mangosteen | 64.52 | 0.41 | 1.98 |
Soursop | 83.09 | 1.06 | 3.11 |
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Indarwatmi, M.; Dadang, D.; Ridwani, S.; Sri Ratna, E. The Bionomics of the Cocoa Mealybug, Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on Mangosteen Fruit and Three Alternative Hosts. Insects 2017, 8, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8030075
Indarwatmi M, Dadang D, Ridwani S, Sri Ratna E. The Bionomics of the Cocoa Mealybug, Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on Mangosteen Fruit and Three Alternative Hosts. Insects. 2017; 8(3):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8030075
Chicago/Turabian StyleIndarwatmi, Murni, Dadang Dadang, Sobir Ridwani, and Endang Sri Ratna. 2017. "The Bionomics of the Cocoa Mealybug, Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on Mangosteen Fruit and Three Alternative Hosts" Insects 8, no. 3: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8030075
APA StyleIndarwatmi, M., Dadang, D., Ridwani, S., & Sri Ratna, E. (2017). The Bionomics of the Cocoa Mealybug, Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on Mangosteen Fruit and Three Alternative Hosts. Insects, 8(3), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8030075