Susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Dinotefuran and Flupyradifurone in South Florida
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Field Colonies
2.2. Bioassay Technique
2.3. Bioassay Sampling
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Whitefly Biotype Determination
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
GCREC | Gulf Coast Research and Education Center |
LC | Lethal concentration |
MEAM1 | Middle East Asia Minor group of Bemisia tabaci (commonly known as biotype B) |
MED | Mediterranean group of Bemisia tabaci (commonly known as biotype Q) |
PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
TYLCV | Tomato yellow leaf curl virus |
MDPI | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
DOAJ | Directory of open access journals |
TLA | Three letter acronym |
LD | linear dichroism |
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Population Code 1 | Mortality | Resistance Ratio 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No. Tested 2 | Slope ± SE | LC50 (95% CL) 3 | ||
Laboratory | 492 | 0.564 ± 0.054 | 0.131 (0.018–0.457) | - |
Hendry3 | 465 | 0.828 ± 0.058 | 0.901 (0.411–1.689) | 6.88 |
Manatee1 | 412 | 0.481 ± 0.040 | 0.995 (0.263–2.727) | 7.60 |
Manatee4 | 234 | 0.457 ± 0.047 | 1.349 (0.245–5.067) | 10.30 |
Hillsborough3 | 449 | 0.522 ± 0.041 | 1.584 (0.502–3.881) | 12.09 |
IndianRiver-Emilia | 292 | 0.570 ± 0.045 | 1.601 (0.450–4.651) | 12.22 |
Hendry2 | 371 | 0.705 ± 0.063 | 1.721 (0.670–3.516) | 13.14 |
Manatee3 | 570 | 0.620 ± 0.033 | 2.055 (0.947–4.168) | 15.69 |
Hillsborough-Emilia | 542 | 0.641 ± 0.032 | 2.408 (1.249–4.431) | 18.38 |
Manatee2 | 491 | 0.502 ± 0.031 | 2.629 (1.087–5.913) | 20.07 |
IndianRiver-Squash | 795 | 0.566 ± 0.026 | 4.112 (2.133–7.690) | 31.39 |
Hillsborough4 | 235 | 0.460 ± 0.045 | 4.677 (1.118–16.650) | 35.70 |
Hillsborough1 | 322 | 1.216 ± 0.072 | 5.326 (3.143–8.768) | 40.66 |
Miami-Dade1 | 526 | 0.812 ± 0.047 | 9.098 (5.543–14.905) | 69.45 |
IndianRiver1 | 373 | 0.707 ± 0.057 | 9.406 (4.700–18.968) | 71.80 |
Hillsborough2 | 485 | 0.821 ± 0.052 | 10.590 (5.779–19.783) | 80.84 |
Miami-Dade3 | 213 | 0.505 ± 0.045 | 11.994 (3.166–46.568) | 91.56 |
Hendry1 | 581 | 0.749 ± 0.043 | 12.919 (8.089–20.894) | 98.62 |
Hillsborough5 | 228 | 0.477 ± 0.044 | 21.524 (7.263–70.000) | 164.31 |
Miami-Dade2 | 363 | 0.530 ± 0.052 | 24.952 (11.519–60.435) | 190.47 |
Population Code 1 | Mortality | Resistance Ratio 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No. Tested 2 | Slope ± SE | LC50 (95% CL) 3 | ||
Laboratory | 506 | 0.564 ± 0.054 | 0.139 (0.021–0.460) | - |
Hendry3 | 473 | 0.828 ± 0.058 | 0.965 (0.443–1.795) | 6.94 |
Hendry2 | 384 | 0.705 ± 0.063 | 1.078 (0.388–2.288) | 7.76 |
Manatee2 | 552 | 0.502 ± 0.031 | 1.228 (0.487–2.767) | 8.84 |
Hillsborough3 | 450 | 0.522 ± 0.041 | 1.372 (0.420–3.418) | 9.87 |
Manatee4 | 272 | 0.457 ± 0.047 | 1.492 (0.308–5.174) | 10.73 |
Manatee3 | 581 | 0.620 ± 0.033 | 1.978 (0.916–4.011) | 14.23 |
Hillsborough4 | 235 | 0.460 ± 0.045 | 2.027 (0.437–7.402) | 14.58 |
IndianRiver-Emilia | 278 | 0.570 ± 0.045 | 2.760 (0.797–8.254) | 19.86 |
Manatee1 | 454 | 0.481 ± 0.040 | 3.057 (1.063–7.227) | 21.99 |
IndianRiver-Squash | 861 | 0.566 ± 0.026 | 3.621 (1.903–6.675) | 26.05 |
IndianRiver1 | 382 | 0.707 ± 0.057 | 4.239 (1.947–8.458) | 30.50 |
Hillsborough1 | 373 | 1.216 ± 0.072 | 4.477 (2.687–7.225) | 32.21 |
Hillsborough5 | 227 | 0.477 ± 0.044 | 5.089 (1.592–15.549) | 36.61 |
Hillsborough-Emilia | 538 | 0.641 ± 0.032 | 5.636 (3.026–10.324) | 40.55 |
Miami-Dade3 | 240 | 0.505 ± 0.045 | 10.076 (2.753–37.392) | 72.49 |
Hillsborough2 | 470 | 0.821 ± 0.052 | 10.879 (5.734-21.010) | 78.27 |
Miami-Dade1 | 577 | 0.812 ± 0.047 | 12.676 (7.853–20.769) | 91.19 |
Hendry1 | 560 | 0.749 ± 0.043 | 16.484 (10.156–27.410) | 118.59 |
Miami-Dade2 | 400 | 0.530 ± 0.052 | 24.430 (11.541–59.064) | 175.76 |
Population Code 1 | Mortality | Resistance Ratio 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No. Tested 2 | Slope ± SE | LC50 (95% CL) 3 | ||
Laboratory | 499 | 0.564 ± 0.054 | 0.026 (0.002–0.122) | - |
Manatee4 | 257 | 0.457 ± 0.047 | 0.043 (0.003–0.240) | 1.65 |
IndianRiver-Emilia | 298 | 0.570 ± 0.045 | 0.068 (0.009–0.289) | 2.62 |
Hendry2 | 375 | 0.705 ± 0.063 | 0.125 (0.024–0.377) | 4.81 |
Manatee2 | 515 | 0.502 ± 0.031 | 0.187 (0.056–0.497) | 7.19 |
Manatee3 | 542 | 0.620 ± 0.033 | 0.189 (0.065–0.462) | 7.27 |
Hendry3 | 467 | 0.828 ± 0.058 | 0.217 (0.075–0.494) | 8.35 |
Hillsborough3 | 451 | 0.522 ± 0.041 | 0.320 (0.069–0.971) | 12.31 |
IndianRiver1 | 363 | 0.707 ± 0.057 | 0.356 (0.099–0.891) | 13.69 |
Hillsborough-Emilia | 555 | 0.641 ± 0.032 | 0.396 (0.178–0.800) | 15.23 |
IndianRiver-Squash | 774 | 0.566 ± 0.026 | 0.494 (0.215–1.019) | 19.00 |
Miami-Dade3 | 234 | 0.505 ± 0.045 | 0.556 (0.095–2.131) | 21.39 |
Hillsborough2 | 431 | 0.821 ± 0.052 | 0.575 (0.200–1.298) | 22.12 |
Hillsborough4 | 213 | 0.460 ± 0.045 | 0.587 (0.090–2.418) | 22.58 |
Manatee1 | 462 | 0.481 ± 0.040 | 0.589 (0.149–1.621) | 22.65 |
Miami-Dade2 | 361 | 0.530 ± 0.052 | 0.930 (0.284–2.228) | 35.77 |
Hillsborough5 | 213 | 0.477 ± 0.044 | 0.953 (0.237–3.025) | 36.65 |
Hillsborough1 | 330 | 1.216 ± 0.072 | 1.233 (0.624–2.196) | 47.42 |
Miami-Dade1 | 539 | 0.812 ± 0.047 | 1.244 (0.642–2.175) | 47.85 |
Hendry1 | 562 | 0.749 ± 0.043 | 3.350 (1.960–5.451) | 128.85 |
Population Code 1 | Mortality | Resistance Ratio 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No. Tested 2 | Slope ± SE | LC50 (95% CL) 3 | ||
Laboratory | 491 | 0.564 ± 0.054 | 0.010 (0.001–0.060) | - |
Manatee4 | 259 | 0.457 ± 0.047 | 0.011 (<0.001–0.085) | 1.1 |
Hendry3 | 477 | 0.828 ± 0.058 | 0.117 (0.036–0.290) | 11.7 |
Manatee3 | 574 | 0.620 ± 0.033 | 0.127 (0.041–0.323) | 12.7 |
Hendry2 | 380 | 0.705 ± 0.063 | 0.140 (0.026–0.420) | 14.0 |
IndianRiver-Emilia | 287 | 0.570 ± 0.045 | 0.151 (0.026–0.566) | 15.1 |
Manatee1 | 476 | 0.481 ± 0.040 | 0.177 (0.033–0.575) | 17.7 |
IndianRiver-Squash | 814 | 0.566 ± 0.026 | 0.189 (0.074–0.419) | 18.9 |
Miami-Dade3 | 252 | 0.505 ± 0.045 | 0.193 (0.025–0.825) | 19.3 |
Hillsborough3 | 439 | 0.522 ± 0.041 | 0.194 (0.037–0.633) | 19.4 |
Manatee2 | 538 | 0.502 ± 0.031 | 0.269 (0.087–0.675) | 26.9 |
Hillsborough4 | 251 | 0.460 ± 0.045 | 0.274 (0.041–1.094) | 27.4 |
IndianRiver1 | 378 | 0.707 ± 0.057 | 0.325 (0.086–0.835) | 32.5 |
Hillsborough2 | 541 | 0.821 ± 0.052 | 0.364 (0.121–0.823) | 36.4 |
Hillsborough-Emilia | 579 | 0.641 ± 0.032 | 0.379 (0.171–0.760) | 37.9 |
Hillsborough1 | 337 | 1.216 ± 0.072 | 0.548 (0.250–1.041) | 54.8 |
Miami-Dade1 | 558 | 0.812 ± 0.047 | 0.613 (0.289–1.136) | 61.3 |
Hillsborough5 | 236 | 0.477 ± 0.044 | 0.646 (0.152–2.054) | 64.6 |
Miami-Dade2 | 360 | 0.530 ± 0.052 | 0.790 (0.232–1.937) | 79.0 |
Hendry1 | 585 | 0.749 ± 0.043 | 1.471 (0.802–2.477) | 147.1 |
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Smith, H.A.; Nagle, C.A.; MacVean, C.A.; McKenzie, C.L. Susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Dinotefuran and Flupyradifurone in South Florida. Insects 2016, 7, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040057
Smith HA, Nagle CA, MacVean CA, McKenzie CL. Susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Dinotefuran and Flupyradifurone in South Florida. Insects. 2016; 7(4):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040057
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmith, Hugh A., Curtis A. Nagle, Charles A. MacVean, and Cindy L. McKenzie. 2016. "Susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Dinotefuran and Flupyradifurone in South Florida" Insects 7, no. 4: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040057