Pepper Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Preferences for Specific Pepper Cultivars, Plant Parts, Fruit Colors, Fruit Sizes, and Timing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Capsicum Cultivars Used
2.2. Collection of A. eugenii Adults
2.3. Preference of Adult A. eugenii for Different Pepper Cultivars, Fruit and Plant Parts, Fruit Colors and Sizes, and Timing (Tests 1–4)
2.3.1. Test 1. Preference of Adult A. eugenii for Different Pepper Cultivars, Parts of Pepper Fruit, and Observation Times Based on Counts of Adults (Days 1–10 of 11)
2.3.2. Test 2. Preference of Adult A. eugenii for Different Pepper Cultivars and Different Parts of Pepper Fruit Based on Numbers of Puncture Marks and Oviposition Plugs (Days 8–10 of 11)
2.3.3. Test 3. Effects of Fruit Color, Location on Fruit, and Timing on the Numbers of Adult A. eugenii (Day 11 of 11)
2.3.4. Test 4. Preference of Adult A. eugenii for Different Fruit (and Other) Plant Parts, Fruit Sizes, and Observation Times on Pepper Plants (Day 9 of 11)
2.4. Test 5. Effects of Pepper Cultivars and Cultivar Groups on Numbers of A. eugenii Larvae within Fruits
2.5. Test 6. Effects of Fruit Length and Infestation State (Infested vs. Non-Infested) on Fruit Numbers and Weights and on the Proportions of Fruit Numbers and Weights that were Infested
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results
3.1.1. Preference of Adult A. eugenii for Different Pepper Cultivars, Parts of Pepper Fruit, and Observation Times Based on Counts of Adults (Test 1)
3.1.2. Preference of Adult A. eugenii for Different Pepper Cultivars and Different Parts of Pepper Fruit Based on Numbers of Puncture Marks and Oviposition Plugs (Test 2)
3.1.3. Effects of Fruit Color, on-Fruit Location (Part), and Timing on the Number of Adults (Test 3)
3.1.4. Preference of Adult A. eugenii for Different Pepper Fruit Sizes, Plant and Fruit Parts, and Observation Times (Test 4)
3.2. Effects of Fruit of Selected Pepper Varietal Groups on Numbers of A. eugenii Larvae per Plant (Test 5)
3.3. Effects of Infestation State (Infested or Non-Infested) and Fruit Length on Fruit Numbers, Fruit Weights, and the Proportions of Fruit Numbers or Weights that were Infested (Test 6)
3.4. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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A. Comparing parts within cultivars1 | B. Comparing cultivars within parts1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) 2,3 | Mean (SD) 2,3 | Mean (SD) 2,3 | Mean (SD) 2, 3 | |||
Part | “Cayenne” | “Cherry” | Cultivar | Fruit L × W 4 | Peduncle | Calyx |
Peduncle | 3.0 (3.1) a | 1.86 (1.70) ab | “Cayenne” | 8 | 3.0 (3.1) cd | 2.4 (1.6) b |
Calyx | 2.4 (1.6) a | 2.36 (1.82) a | “Cherry” | 12 | 1.9 (1.7) d | 2.4 (1.8) b |
Top | 1.6 (1.0) a | 1.14 (0.86) b | “Cubanelle” | 84 | 1.9 (1.7) d | 2.3 (1.0) b |
Middle | 1.6 (1.7) a | 0.36 (0.63) c | “Habanero” | 15 | 0.6 (0.6) e | 0.8 (1.0) d |
Bottom | 2.1 (2.4) a | 0.36 (0.63) c | “Hungarian” | ~40 | 3.1 (1.4) bc | 2.0 (1.5) bc |
F, df 5, p | NS | 8.8; 4, 65; <0.0001 | “Jalapeño” | 18 | 0.7 (1.0) e | 1.1 (0.9) cd |
“Cubanelle” | “Habanero” | “SR” | 72 | 4.3 (2.2) ab | 8.3 (4.1) a | |
Peduncle | 1.9 (1.7) ab | 0.57 (0.65) a | “SY” | ~20 | 5.9 (4.0) a | 8.9 (4.5) a |
Calyx | 2.3 (1.0) a | 0.79 (0.97) a | F, df 5, p | - | 9.5; 7, 104; <0.0001 | 27; 7, 104; <0.0001 |
Top | 1.7 (1.3) ab | 0.57 (0.94) a | Top | Middle | ||
Middle | 1.0 (1.5) bc | 0.36 (0.63) a | “Cayenne” | 8 | 1.6 (1.0) c | 1.6 (1.7) bc |
Bottom | 0.8 (1.4) c | 0.29 (0.61) a | “Cherry” | 12 | 1.1 (0.9) cd | 0.4 (0.6) de |
F, df 5, p | 4.3; 4, 65; 0.0040 | NS | “Cubanelle” | 84 | 1.7 (1.3) c | 1.0 (1.5) cde |
“Hungarian” | “Jalapeño” | “Habanero” | 15 | 0.6 (0.9) d | 0.4 (0.6) de | |
Peduncle | 3.1 (1.4) a | 0.71 (0.99) a | “Hungarian” | ~40 | 1.9 (1.7) c | 0.2 (0.4) e |
Calyx | 2.0 (1.5) b | 1.14 (0.86) a | “Jalapeño” | 18 | 0.9 (1.0) cd | 1.1 (1.1) bcd |
Top | 1.9 (1.7) b | 0.93 (1.00) a | “SR” | 72 | 8.9 (4.4) b | 2.1 (1.7) b |
Middle | 0.2 (0.4) c | 1.14 (1.10) a | “SY” | ~20 | 19.9 (6.9) a | 6.6 (4.7) a |
Bottom | 1.6 (1.3) b | 0.57 (0.85) a | F, df 5, p | - | 65; 7, 104; <0.0001 | 16; 7, 104; <0.0001 |
F, df 5, p | 10.6; 4, 65; <0.0001 | NS | Bottom | |||
“SR” | “SY” | “Cayenne” | 8 | 2.1 (2.4) b | ||
Peduncle | 4.3 (2.2) b | 5.9 (4.0) c | “Cherry” | 12 | 0.4 (0.6) d | |
Calyx | 8.3 (4.1) a | 8.9 (4.5) b | “Cubanelle” | 84 | 0.8 (1.4) cd | |
Top | 8.9 (4.4) a | 19.9 (6.9) a | “Habanero” | 15 | 0.3 (0.6) d | |
Middle | 2.1 (1.7) c | 6.6 (4.7) bc | “Hungarian” | ~40 | 1.6 (1.3) bc | |
Bottom | 2.7 (2.5) c | 5.8 (4.1) c | “Jalapeño” | 18 | 0.6 (0.9) d | |
F, df 5, p | 15; 4, 65; <0.0001 | 14.6; 4, 65; <0.0001 | “SR” | 72 | 2.7 (2.5) b | |
“SY” | ~20 | 5.8 (4.1) a | ||||
F, df 5, p | - | 11; 7, 104; <0.0001 |
Cultivar × Observation Time Comparing cultiVars with Observation Times Pooled 1 | Part × Observation Time Comparing Parts with Observation Times Pooled 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivar | Fruit L × W 4 | A. Plant parts not summed 2 | B. Plant parts summed 2,3 | C. 2 | |
Mean (SD) 5,6 | Mean (SD) 5,6 | Part | Mean (SD) 5,6 | ||
“Cayenne” | 8 | 2.1 (2.1) c | 10.3 (6.3) c | Peduncle | 2.7 (2.7) b |
“Cherry” | 12 | 1.2 (1.5) de | 5.3 (2.6) de | Calyx | 3.5 (3.8) ab |
“Cubanelle” | 84 | 1.5 (1.5) cd | 7.6 (2.9) cd | Top | 4.6 (7.0) a |
“Habanero” | 15 | 0.5 (0.8) f | 3.8 (3.5) e | Middle | 1.7 (2.8) c |
“Hungarian” | ~40 | 1.8 (1.6) c | 8.1 (4.0) cd | Bottom | 1.8 (2.7) c |
“Jalapeño” | 18 | 0.9 (1.0) ef | 5.3 (2.4) de | ||
“SR” | 72 | 5.3 (4.2) b | 25.7 (11.0) b | ||
“SY” | ~20 | 9.4 (7.2) a | 37.3 (18.9) a | ||
F, df 7, p | 67.6; 7, 552; <0.0001 | 42; 7, 152; <0.0001 | 11.4; 4, 555; <0.0001 |
Cultivar × Part Factorial with Interaction | Sum of parts | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. Comparing parts within cultivars 1 | B. Comparing cultivars within parts 1 | C. One-way ANOVA 1 | |||||
Cultivar 2 | Part 2 | Mean (SD) 3,4 | Part2 | Cultivar 2 | Fruit L × W 5 | Mean (SD) 3,4 | Mean (SD) 3,4 |
“Cayenne” | Peduncle | 0.33 (0.52) bc | Peduncle | “Cayenne” | 8 | 0.3 (0.5) c | 3.8 (1.9) b |
Calyx | 0.33 (0.52) bc | “Cherry” | 12 | 4.2 (1.5) a | 6.0 (2.0) b | ||
Top | 1.17 (0.98) ab | “Cubanelle” | 84 | 4.7 (3.4) a | 6.5 (4.4) b | ||
Middle | 0.00 (0.00) c | “Habanero” | 15 | 0.2 (0.4) c | 0.5 (0.6) c | ||
Bottom | 2.00 (1.41) a | “Hungarian” | ~40 | 1.2 (1.0) bc | 3.5 (2.1) b | ||
F, df 6, p | 6.1; 4, 25; 0.0014 | “Jalapeño” | 18 | 3.3 (4.5) ab | 6.0 (6.5) b | ||
“Cherry” | Peduncle | 4.17 (1.47) a | “SR” | 72 | 4.2 (2.7) a | 5.8 (2.7) b | |
Calyx | 1.67 (1.21) b | “SY” | ~20 | 3.5 (3.0) ab | 12.2 (6.8) a | ||
Top | 0.00 (0.00) c | F, df 6, p | 5.1; 7, 40; 0.0004 | 6.1; 7, 40; <0.0001 | |||
Middle | 0.17 (0.41) c | Calyx | “Cayenne” | 8 | 0.3 (0.5) cd | ||
Bottom | 0.00 (0.00) c | “Cherry” | 12 | 1.7 (1.2) b | |||
F, df 6, p | 33; 4, 25; <0.0001 | “Cubanelle” | 84 | 1.5 (0.8) b | |||
“Cubanelle” | Peduncle | 4.67 (3.44) a | “Habanero” | 15 | 0.0 (0.0) d | ||
Calyx | 1.50 (0.84) b | “Hungarian” | ~40 | 0.8 (1.3) bcd | |||
Top | 0.33 (0.52) c | “Jalapeño” | 18 | 1.5 (1.8) bc | |||
Middle | 0.00 (0.00) c | “SR” | 72 | 1.3 (1.4) bc | |||
Bottom | 0.00 (0.00) c | “SY” | ~20 | 4.3 (1.4) a | |||
F, df 6, p | 19; 4, 25; <0.0001 | F, df 6, p | 6.9; 7, 40; <0.0001 | ||||
“SR” | Peduncle | 4.17 (2.71) a | Top | “Cayenne” | 8 | 1.17 (0.98) ab | |
Calyx | 1.33 (1.37) b | “Cherry” | 12 | 0.00 (0.00) b | |||
Top | 0.17 (0.41) c | “Cubanelle” | 84 | 0.33 (0.52) b | |||
Middle | 0.17 (0.41) c | “Habanero” | 15 | 0.17 (0.41) b | |||
Bottom | 0.00 (0.00) c | “Hungarian” | ~40 | 0.67 (1.21) ab | |||
F, df 6, p | 11; 4, 25; <0.0001 | “Jalapeño” | 18 | 0.83 (0.75) ab | |||
“SY” | Peduncle | 3.50 (3.02) a | “SR” | 72 | 0.17 (0.41) b | ||
Calyx | 4.33 (1.37) a | “SY” | ~20 | 3.33 (4.68) a | |||
Top | 3.33 (4.68) ab | F, df 6, p | 2.3; 7, 40; 0.0426 | ||||
Middle | 0.17 (0.41) c | Bottom | “Cayenne” | 8 | 2.00 (1.41) a | ||
Bottom | 0.83 (1.33) bc | “Cherry” | 12 | 0.00 (0.00) c | |||
F, df 6, p | 4.8; 4, 25; 0.0055 | “Cubanelle” | 84 | 0.00 (0.00) c | |||
“Habanero” | 15 | 0.17 (0.41) bc | |||||
“Hungarian” | ~40 | 0.83 (1.17) b | |||||
“Jalapeño” | 18 | 0.00 (0.00) c | |||||
“SR” | 72 | 0.00 (0.00) c | |||||
“SY” | ~20 | 0.83 (1.33) bc | |||||
F, df 6, p | 5.2; 7, 40; 0.0003 |
Part 3 | A. Color × Part | B. Part × Observation Time |
---|---|---|
Comparing Parts (Colors Pooled) 1,2 | Comparing Parts (Observation Times Pooled) 1,2 | |
Mean (SD) 4,5 | Mean (SD) 4,5 | |
Peduncle | 2.2 (1.6) b | 2.2 (1.6) b |
Calyx | 1.1 (0.9) c | 1.1 (0.9) c |
Top | 4.4 (4.1) a | 4.4 (4.1) a |
Middle | 0.7 (0.8) cd | 0.7 (0.8) cd |
Bottom | 0.2 (0.4) d | 0.2 (0.4) d |
F, df 6, p | 16.5; 4, 85; <0.0001 | 16.5; 4, 85; <0.0001 |
A. Twenty-one Parts 1 | ||||||
Part 2 | Mean (SD) 3,4 | Part 2 | Mean (SD) 3,4 | |||
Leaf | 0.33 (0.64) ij | Large fruit, peduncle | 0.88 (1.75) ghij | |||
Flower (not peduncle, calyx) | 0.54 (0.93) hij | Large fruit, calyx | 1.88 (1.51) cd | |||
Flower peduncle | 0.46 (0.93) ij | Large fruit, top | 3.08 (2.32) ab | |||
Flower calyx | 0.63 (0.88) ghij | Large fruit, middle | 0.79 (1.32) ghij | |||
Small fruit, peduncle | 0.71 (1.12) ghij | Large fruit, bottom | 1.17 (1.46) efgh | |||
Small fruit, calyx | 0.67 (0.70) ghij | Extra-large fruit, peduncle | 1.17 (1.31) defg | |||
Medium fruit, peduncle | 1.25 (1.19) defg | Extra-large fruit, calyx | 1.42 (1.28) cdef | |||
Medium fruit, calyx | 1.46 (1.14) cde | Extra-large fruit, top | 3.96 (3.20) a | |||
Medium fruit, top | 2.08 (1.50) bc | Extra-large fruit, middle | 0.88 (1.19) fghi | |||
Medium fruit, middle | 1.54 (1.47) cde | Extra-large fruit, bottom | 0.33 (1.17) j | |||
Medium fruit, bottom | 1.67 (2.14) cdef | |||||
F, df 5, p | 8.7; 20, 483; <0.0001 | |||||
B. Seven parts 1 | C. Six parts 1 | D. Four fruit sizes 1 | ||||
Part2 | Mean (SD) 3,4 | Part 2 | Mean (SD) 3,4 | Fruit size2 | Mean (SD) 3,4 | |
Leaf | 0.33 (0.64) d | Leaf | 0.3 (0.6) d | Small | 2.5 (2.3) b | |
Flower | 0.54 (0.93) cd | Flower | 1.6 (1.8) c | Medium | 5.3 (3.4) a | |
Peduncle | 0.89 (1.30) bc | Small fruit | 3.9 (2.9) b | Large | 5.0 (4.0) a | |
Calyx | 1.21 (1.22) b | Medium fruit | 8.0 (4.7) a | Extra-large | 5.2 (4.2) a | |
Fruit top | 3.04 (2.53) a | Large fruit | 7.8 (5.2) a | |||
Fruit middle | 1.07 (1.36) b | Extra-large fruit | 7.8 (5.7) a | |||
Fruit bottom | 1.06 (1.71) bc | |||||
F, df 5, p | 19; 6, 497; <0.0001 | 27; 5, 138; <0.0001 | 3.7; 3, 92; 0.0140 |
Cultivar or group | Fruit L × W 1 | Field 1 | Field 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) 2 | Mean (SE) 2 | ||
“Hungarian wax” | ~30 | 2.0 (0.7) b | 1.8 (0.4) cd |
“Habanero” | 15 | 2.6 (1.2) ab | 1.2 (0.4) d |
“Jalapeño” | 18 | 3.0 (1.2) ab | 3.0 (0.3) a |
Bell | ~80 | 4.0 (0.8) a | 2.6 (0.5) ab |
Variables and Fruit Sizes | A 1 “Milta” | B 1 “Hungarian” | C 1 “Hungarian” | D 1 “Cubanelle” | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable 2,3 | Length | Mean (SD) 4,5 | Mean (SD) 4,5 | Mean (SD) 4,5 | Mean (SD) 4,5 |
Total number of fruit | Small | 18 (6) b | 4.9 (3.7) b | 2.6 (2.1) c | 1.0 (1.2) b |
Medium | 39 (12) a | 6.5 (2.9) b | 8.3 (5.7) b | 4.8 (3.0) a | |
Large | 43 (12) a | 33.9 (17.7) a | 21.0 (11.4) a | 8.8 (2.4) a | |
F, df 6, p | 17.7; 2, 24; <0.0001 | 23.6; 2, 21; <0.0001 | 19.7; 2, 21; <0.0001 | 13.4; 2, 9; 0.0020 | |
Total fruit weight (g) | Small | 49 (21) c | 9 (12) b | 8 (8) c | 10 (18) c |
Medium | 306 (74) b | 44 (21) b | 74 (61) b | 147 (100) b | |
Large | 633 (203) a | 635 (434) a | 402 (233) a | 525 (121) a | |
F, df 6, p | 103; 2, 24; <0.0001 | 39.3; 2, 20; <0.0001 | 46.1 2, 21; <0.0001 | 40.2; 2, 9; <0.0001 | |
Number of infested fruit | Small | 1.7 (1.8) a | 0.6 (0.9) b | 0.6 (0.7) a | 0 (0) a |
Medium | 2.7 (3.7) a | 1.9 (2.1) ab | 1.8 (1.8) a | 0.5 (1) a | |
Large | 1.9 (2.2) a | 4.0 (3.6) a | 2.3 (1.8) a | 0.25 (0.5) a | |
F, df 6, p | NS | 3.8; 2, 21; 0.0381 | NS | NS | |
Weight of infested fruit (g) | Small | 2 (3) a | 0.7 (1.0) b | 1.9 (3.3) b | 0.0 (0.0) a |
Medium | 14 (18) a | 10.4 (13.2) b | 12.4 (15.9) ab | 14.6 (29.1) a | |
Large | 20 (20) a | 48.5 (47.1) a | 27.7 (23.9) a | 5.8 (11.5) a | |
F, df 6, p | NS | 9.9; 2, 21; 0.0009 | 6.5; 2, 21; 0.0062 | NS |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Seal, D.R.; Martin, C.G. Pepper Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Preferences for Specific Pepper Cultivars, Plant Parts, Fruit Colors, Fruit Sizes, and Timing. Insects 2016, 7, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7010009
Seal DR, Martin CG. Pepper Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Preferences for Specific Pepper Cultivars, Plant Parts, Fruit Colors, Fruit Sizes, and Timing. Insects. 2016; 7(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeal, Dakshina R., and Cliff G. Martin. 2016. "Pepper Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Preferences for Specific Pepper Cultivars, Plant Parts, Fruit Colors, Fruit Sizes, and Timing" Insects 7, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7010009