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Article

Diversity and Influencing Factors of Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Tetranychus truncatus Sourced from Major Crops in Xinjiang

by
Kaiqin Mu
†,
Bing Zhang
†,
Zhiping Cai
,
Jing Chen
,
Jianping Zhang
* and
Jie Su
*
Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Shihezi 83200, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Insects 2025, 16(11), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111126
Submission received: 12 July 2025 / Revised: 27 October 2025 / Accepted: 31 October 2025 / Published: 4 November 2025
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Simple Summary

Tetranychus truncatus exhibits rapid reproduction and a broad host range, posing a significant threat to major crops in Xinjiang, such as cotton, corn, and soybeans. Understanding the relationships between host plant species and the composition of endosymbiotic bacterial communities is essential for developing effective strategies. This study systematically investigated the diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria associated with T. truncatus collected from three primary crops in Xinjiang. The research results indicate endosymbiotic bacterial diversity in T. truncatus populations on corn was significantly higher than that observed in populations on cotton and soybean. The diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus was significantly higher in southern Xinjiang than in northern Xinjiang.

Abstract

The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, situated in northwest China, boasts a unique geographical position and a consequent variety of environmental characteristics. T. truncatus is prevalent throughout this region as the primary pest affecting various crops. In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structures of endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus collected from 17 regions and three host plants in Xinjiang using 16S rRNA sequencing. Through composition analysis of the endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus from Xinjiang, it was found that the dominant bacterial phyla were Pseudomonadota and Bacillota. At the genus level, in addition to Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Spiroplasma (common symbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus), the infection rate of Rickettsia in T. truncatus in Xinjiang was found to be 92.8%. The diversity of the endosymbiotic bacteria community in T. truncatus is shaped by both host plant species and geographical region. Specifically, the endosymbiotic bacterial diversity in T. truncatus populations on corn was significantly higher than that observed in populations on cotton and soybean (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we discovered the diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus was significantly higher in southern Xinjiang than in northern Xinjiang (p < 0.05).

1. Introduction

Endosymbiotic bacteria are prevalent across arthropods. Over the course of prolonged evolution, they have established a stable symbiotic relationship with their hosts, where they play a crucial role in regulating their physiological processes [1,2], supplying the host with essential nutrients for growth and development, modulating the host’s reproductive processes and fitness, and assisting the host in resisting adverse environmental conditions [3,4]. For example, Buchnera aphidicola in aphids can supply essential amino acids required for epidermal synthesis, while the primary symbiotic bacteria in aphids can provide B vitamins and energy-related metabolites to the host [5,6]. Furthermore, in arthropods, the manipulation of host reproduction by Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Cardinium via cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) has been investigated extensively [7,8]. Although endosymbiotic bacteria are crucial to the adaptability of their host, their community structure can also be readily influenced by various environmental factors, including the host plant, temperature, precipitation, and humidity [9].
Host plants, serving as both the food source and habitat for phytophagous arthropods, exert a significant influence on the endosymbiotic bacterial community within the host [10,11,12], playing a crucial role in shaping the diversity and relative abundance of endosymbiotic bacteria [13]. For instance, the abundance of endosymbiotic bacteria in the Colorado potato beetle reaches its peak when feeding on tomatoes and drops to its lowest level when feeding on eggplants [14]. In addition, the titer of Wolbachia was significantly higher when Tetranychus urticae fed on soybeans and eggplants, whereas the titer of Cardinium was markedly elevated when it fed on morning glories [15]. Similarly, when pea aphids feed on different host plants, the composition and infection rates of their endosymbiotic bacterial communities exhibit significant variation [16]. For instance, when feeding on wheat, the titer of Buchnera aphidicola is elevated [17], while in contrast, when consuming Trifolium, the titer of Regiella insecticola increases [18], and when feeding on Pisum, the titer of Serratia symbiotica becomes more prominent [19].
The types, distribution, and infection rates of arthropod endosymbiotic bacteria differ across various regions, closely associated with the environmental conditions specific to each region [10]. The geographic distribution and infection frequency of endosymbionts in natural populations of the pea aphid appear to be related to the host plant species, temperature, and precipitation. For instance, Hamiltonella is present in pea aphid populations in high temperature regions such as Europe and the United States, this bacterium is absent in populations from China and Japan [20]. Specifically, the pea aphid population in central China shows a relatively high abundance of Serratia and Rickettsia, whereas the infection rates of Regiella are notably higher in pea aphid populations in western and eastern China [21]. Insects can adapt to their local environments by modulating the composition of their endosymbiotic bacteria, while environmental factors can also directly influence the host by altering their bacterial community [22]. For instance, under high-temperature conditions, the titer of Wolbachia in Drosophilidae and Aedes aegypti decreases [23]. In conclusion, the environment may also exert indirect effects on infection frequencies by altering the selection pressures that govern the relationship between endosymbionts and their host organisms.
Xinjiang is located in northwest China, and its distinctive geographical position has given rise to climatic features characterized by significant diurnal temperature variations, extended sunshine duration, and scarce precipitation. The Tianshan Mountains divide Xinjiang into southern and northern regions [24]. In Southern Xinjiang, which has a lower latitude than Northern Xinjiang, more solar radiation is received, resulting in higher temperatures. Conversely, the terrain in northern Xinjiang results in greater precipitation, creating an environment characterized by low temperatures and high humidity [25]. Xinjiang boasts extensive territory and abundant land resources, making it a crucial production base for crops such as cotton, soybeans, and corn. However, T. truncatus is prevalent in this region and causes significant damage to agricultural production [26]. This species, classified under the order Acariformes, family Tetranychidae, and genus Tetranychus, is characterized by its rapid reproduction rate and broad host range [27]. It infests over 60 crops, causing significant reductions in both crop yield and quality [28]. The role of endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus remains largely unexplored due to limited systematic research in this field. Therefore, in this study, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was employed to investigate the diversity of endosymbiotic bacterial communities in T. truncatus across three major crops in 17 regions of Xinjiang. By examining the relationships between endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus and various host plants, geographical factors, and environmental conditions, this study enhances our understanding of the ecological associations of T. truncatus populations in the region.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Populations

Test spider mites: The test samples were collected from 14 regions in Xinjiang, including Altay, Tacheng, Yili, Kashgar, Aksu, Korla, Urumqi, Turpan, Hotan, and Shihezi, between June and August in 2022 and 2023. The host plants were cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.), with a total of 190 samples representing 17 geographical populations. The climate data used were the average values over the five years from 2019 to 2023, and the meteorological data were obtained from Xihe Energy Big Data Platform (Table 1). Ten male mites from different populations of T. truncatus were collected for morphological identification to confirm their species identity. Additionally, female adult mites from each population were collected and preserved in 1.5 mL centrifuge tubes containing 100% ethanol (the distribution of female mites across all sampling sites is summarized in Table 1). These samples were stored at −20 °C until DNA extraction.

2.2. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and Sequencing

Extraction of DNA: A single spider mite was selected and placed in a Petri dish containing distilled water for rinsing. We performed three rounds of washing in sterile PBS (pH 7.4) with 0.1% Tween-20, followed by surface sterilization with 70% ethanol for 30 s. The mite was then transferred to the lid of the dish and allowed to dry for 30 s [29]. DNA extraction was performed according to the instructions provided in the Qiagen DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit, with modifications made as necessary. The V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the universal primers 338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′) and 806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′). These primers were prepared by combining a 5 μM upstream primer with a downstream primer [30]. The 50 μL PCR reaction system comprised 4 μL DNA template (1 ng/μL), 25 μL Taq DNA polymerase mixture, 1.5 μL of each primer (upstream and downstream), and 18 μL ddH2O. The PCR reaction process was as follows: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min; followed by 29 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55 °C for 30 s, and extension at 68 °C for 30 s; final extension at 68 °C for 10 min; and storage at 10 °C. We took 2 μL of the PCR product, mixed with 1 μL Loading Buffer, and performed electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gel at 60 V for 30 min for visualization and documentation. We analyzed per-site/per-host mean diversity values (normalizing for sample size differences). The amplicon library was paired-end (2 × 250 bp) and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform (Shanghai Biozeron Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) using standard protocols [31,32].

2.3. Data Analysis

Firstly, Qiime (version 1.91) was used to excise the primer fragments of the sequences and discard the sequences that did not match the primers. The resulting high-quality sequences were subsequently merged using FLASH (version 1.2.7) software and filtered using Qiime (version 1.91) [32]. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were clustered from the high-quality sequences at a sequence similarity threshold of 97%. Data analysis in this experiment was performed by calculating the average number of samples per point. The longest sequence within each OTU was selected as the representative sequence. Subsequently, the representative sequences of each group were annotated against the SILVA database using the BLAST (version 2.14.0) method for species identification. The endosymbiotic bacterial community of T. truncatus was classified at the OTU level. To determine the significance of differences between groups, the Tukey test and Wallis rank sum test were performed using Mothur (version 1.30.2). The Chao1 index was used to assess alpha diversity and analyzed using R (version 3.3.1) for the multifactorial Kruskal–Wallis test, while Beta diversity was analyzed in Qiime through the Weighted UniFrac distance algorithm [32,33]. The relationship between the flora and environmental factors, as well as among environmental factors, was analyzed using the Mantel test in R (version 3.3.1). Subsequently, the influence of environmental factors on the endosymbiotic bacteria of T. truncatus across different hosts at both the phylum and genus levels was evaluated using a correlation heat map [31].

3. Results

3.1. The Composition of Endosymbiotic Bacterial Communities in Different Populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang

In Xinjiang, the phylum-level composition of endosymbiotic bacteria in the different geographical populations of T. truncatus is predominantly Pseudomonadota (formerly known as Proteobacteria) and Bacillota (formerly known as Firmicutes), but there are differences across various regions and host plants. In the southern Xinjiang region, the gut microbiota of T. truncatus on corn is predominantly composed of Pseudomonadota (36.5–51.6%). In contrast, for T. truncatus on soybean, Bacillota is the dominant phylum (28.9–58.1%), followed by Pseudomonadota (20.9–46.2%). On cotton, the dominant bacterial phyla in T. truncatus are Pseudomonadota (26.5–44.3%) and Bacillota (16.8–54.2%). In the northern Xinjiang region, Pseudomonadota was the dominant phylum for T. truncatus on soybeans (81.3%) and corn (33.0–56.0%) (Figure 1).
At the genus level, the primary endosymbiotic bacteria associated with T. truncatus include Spiroplasma, Escherichia-Shigella, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma, Wolbachia, and Cardinium. In southern Xinjiang, Rickettsia (3.3–20.0%) and Mycoplasma (2.9–12.0%) are the predominant bacterial genera in T. truncatus populations on corn, while Spiroplasma (0.2–41.3%) dominates in populations on soybean. On cotton, the dominant bacterial genera include Spiroplasma (1.0–28.7%), Cardinium (1.4–20.2%), and Mycoplasma (5.1–21.4%). In northern Xinjiang, Escherichia-Shigella (58.7%) is the predominant genus in T. truncatus populations on soybean. However, the dominant bacterial genus in T. truncatus populations on corn varies considerably across different regions of northern Xinjiang. Among the samples, Escherichia-Shigella was the dominant genus in N_81Y and N_ANY, comprising 24.3% and 20.1%, respectively. In contrast, Spiroplasma was the predominant genus in N_AHY and N_JY, accounting for 40.9% and 13.3%. Furthermore, the endosymbiotic bacteria of the two corn varieties, N_SY and S_4414Y, do not include Spiroplasma as a component associated with T. truncatus (Figure 2).

3.2. Analysis of the Alpha Diversity of Endosymbiotic Bacteria Communities in T. truncatus from Different Geographical Populations in Xinjiang

The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced for 190 samples from 17 populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang. The average length of the sequenced fragments was approximately 416 bp. Sequences exhibiting greater than 97% similarity were grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The Venn diagram illustrating the clustering of effective sequences from all T. truncatus samples is presented in Figure 3. A total of 9339 OTUs were identified. Among these, 651 were shared across all 5 populations. In the soybean population, the number of endosymbiotic bacteria OTUs in T. truncatus from southern Xinjiang was 3.4 times higher than that in northern Xinjiang. In the corn population, the number of endosymbiotic bacteria OTUs in T. truncatus from southern Xinjiang was 1.7 times higher than that in northern Xinjiang (Figure 3).
The alpha diversity analysis for the endosymbiotic bacterial communities of T. truncatus from different geographical populations in Xinjiang at the OTU level in Figure 4 and Figure 5. The Chao 1 index and Shannon index are commonly used to estimate species richness and diversity, respectively, within T. truncatus populations. In Figure 4, the Chao 1 index of the corn T. truncatus population was significantly higher than that of soybean (p < 0.01) and cotton populations (p < 0.05). In the corn population, no significant difference was observed between southern and northern Xinjiang (p > 0.05), whereas in the soybean population, the Chao 1 index in southern Xinjiang was significantly higher than in northern Xinjiang (p < 0.05). In Figure 5, the Shannon index of the corn T. truncatus population was significantly higher than that of soybean (p < 0.01) and cotton populations (p < 0.001). In the corn population, no significant difference was observed between southern and northern Xinjiang (p > 0.05), whereas in the soybean population, the Shannon index in southern Xinjiang was significantly higher than in northern Xinjiang (p < 0.001). The richness and diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria associated with the corn T. truncatus population were significantly higher than those in cotton and soybean populations. Furthermore, in the soybean population, both richness and diversity were significantly greater in the southern Xinjiang population compared to the northern Xinjiang population.

3.3. Correlation Between Endosymbiotic Bacteria of T. truncatus and Environmental Factors

At the genus level (Figure 6), the endosymbiotic bacterium Rickettsia in T. truncatus on corn showed a significant positive correlation with SUN and a significant negative correlation with APA (p < 0.05). Additionally, Spiroplasma exhibited significant positive correlations with latitude, RH, and AP, while showing a significant negative correlation with AMT (p < 0.05). The endosymbiotic bacteria Spiroplasma in T. truncatus on soybeans exhibited significantly positive correlations with altitude and AMT (p < 0.05), while showing significantly negative correlations with longitude, latitude, APA, and SUN (p < 0.05). The influence of various environmental factors on Rickettsia was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The endosymbiotic bacteria Spiroplasma and Rickettsia in T. truncatus on cotton remained unaffected by environmental changes (p > 0.05). In contrast, Enhydrobacter and Chthonomonas were significantly impacted by environmental factors (p < 0.05).

4. Discussion

The 16S rRNA sequencing method was employed in this study to investigate the composition and characteristics of the endosymbiotic bacterial community in T. truncatus populations from cotton, corn, and soybean plants in both northern and southern Xinjiang. The results elucidated how differences in host plant species and geographical environments influence the diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus. This study revealed that the dominant bacterial phyla associated with T. truncatus in different geographical populations in Xinjiang are Pseudomonadota and Bacillota, which aligns with previous research findings. These phyla play crucial roles in regulating its adaptability to various environments [34]. In this study, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Spiroplasma, and Rickettsia were found to be widely present in T. truncatus populations in Xinjiang. Consistent with previous reports, these four bacteria are commonly detected across various strains of spider mite [35]. However, prior studies have not reported any instances of Rickettsia infection in T. truncatus, including in Korla, Xinjiang [36]. In contrast, the current study revealed a remarkably high infection rate of 92.8% for Rickettsia in T. truncatus. This may be attributed to the fact that the sample points investigated in this study did not encompass this specific area, resulting in regional disparities and consequently inconsistent findings. Some studies have demonstrated that Bemisia tabaci infected with Rickettsia can upregulate the expression of heat-tolerance-related genes, leading to a substantial enhancement in their ability to withstand heat shock [37]. Therefore, the high expression of Rickettsia in T. truncatus in Xinjiang might represent a specific adaptive response to the unique environmental conditions of the area. Nevertheless, the precise role of this bacterium in T. truncatus remains to be further elucidated through additional research.
The host plant plays a crucial role in shaping the structure and diversity of symbiotic bacteria within insects [38]. In this study, the diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus on corn was found to be 3.4 times and 1.8 times higher than that on cotton and soybean. Among the 17 surveyed sampling sites, this study identified 11 populations of the corn T. truncatus, distributed across both northern and southern regions. In contrast, cotton populations were detected at only two sites, both located in the southern region. Secondly, the dominant pest mite species on cotton in the northern region is the Tetranychus turkestani, which may contribute to the relatively low diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria observed in cotton T. truncatus populations. Furthermore, soybean cultivation in Xinjiang remains limited compared to other crops. The broader geographic distribution and higher sampling frequency of corn populations may contribute to the greater diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria observed in T. truncatus compared to those from cotton and soybean. Furthermore, the nutrient contents in the leaves of different host plants, including soluble sugar, soluble protein, and amino acids, as well as the chemical defense compounds produced upon insect feeding, can significantly influence the composition of endosymbiotic bacterial communities [39]. The secondary metabolites produced by different host plants exhibit distinct profiles. For instance, benzoxazine compounds in corn, gossypol and tannic acid in cotton, and isoflavone compounds in soybeans all possess bactericidal properties to varying extents [40,41,42,43]. These substances may differentially affect the endosymbiotic bacterial community of T. truncatus. In addition, the microenvironmental conditions on the leaf surfaces of different host plants, including variations in nutrient composition and pH levels, may also contribute to the differences observed in the composition of their endosymbiotic bacterial communities [14]. In this study, the composition of endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus significantly among three host plants—cotton, corn, and soybean—at the genus level. Spiroplasma and Cardinium were more abundant in T. truncatus associated with cotton. In contrast, Spiroplasma was the dominant bacterial genus in T. truncatus on soybean, whereas Rickettsia predominated in T. truncatus on corn. As previously reported in earlier studies, the host species can influence the composition of dominant endosymbiotic bacteria. For example, Wolbachia and Spiroplasma were identified as dominant endosymbiotic bacteria in tomatoes, whereas their relative abundance decreased markedly when corn served as the host plant [30]. Furthermore, co-infection with Spiroplasma and Cardinium was found to enhance the fecundity and development of T. truncatus [30]. The reproductive rate of adult female Typhlodromus occidentalis infected with Cardinium increased by approximately 50% [44]. In this study, the concurrent presence of these two bacterial symbionts on cotton and soybean plants may contribute to enhanced adaptability of T. truncatus.
The composition of endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus exhibits variation between different geographical populations in the Xinjiang region. The diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus on the same host was higher in southern Xinjiang than in northern Xinjiang. Specifically, the Chao1 index for T. truncatus on soybeans in southern Xinjiang was 1.8 times higher than that in northern Xinjiang, while the Chao1 index for T. truncatus on corn was 1.2 times higher in southern Xinjiang compared to northern Xinjiang. This may be attributed to the high-temperature and low-humidity in southern Xinjiang. A previous study has shown that the high temperature of Yangtze River Basin exhibited the highest bacterial diversity of Aphis gossypii, followed by the Northwestern Inland Region, and then the Yellow River Basin [45]. In this study, the relative abundance of Bacillota in T. truncatus in southern Xinjiang was approximately 1.6 times higher than that in northern Xinjiang. Previous studies have demonstrated that under high-temperature stress, the relative abundance of Bacillota in both Drosophila melanogaster and Porcellio scaber increases to facilitate adaptation [46,47]. Therefore, the higher relative abundance of Bacillota in T. truncatus in southern Xinjiang than that in northern Xinjiang is potentially attributable to the higher temperatures in the south. Additionally, the relative abundance of Rickettsia in T. truncatus on corn is greater in southern Xinjiang than in northern Xinjiang, as is relative abundance of Spiroplasma in T. truncatus on soybean. Under high-temperature conditions, the relative abundances of Rickettsia in Bemisia tabaci and Spiroplasma in aphids increase [48]. Both bacteria are capable of enhancing the high-temperature tolerance of their respective insect hosts [36]. Furthermore, agricultural practices and crop planting patterns in Xinjiang may influence the occurrence and distribution of T. truncatus, thereby contributing to the uneven sample sizes observed in this study. During the field sampling, it was noted that soybean cultivation was more prevalent in the southern region compared to the northern region of Xinjiang. Such regional differences in soybean planting density may account for the variations in both the number of T. truncatus samples and the composition of their symbiotic microbial communities between the northern and southern regions.
Although the T. truncatus is present in both northern and southern Xinjiang, the diversity of its endosymbiotic bacteria on the same host species is greater in the southern region compared to the northern region. Furthermore, the diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria associated with the T. truncatus is higher on corn than on cotton or soybeans.

Author Contributions

K.M.: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, validation, writing—original draft. B.Z.: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, validation, writing—original draft. Z.C.: methodology, formal analysis, investigation. J.C.: methodology, formal analysis, investigation. J.Z.: conceptualization, funding acquisition, supervision, writing—review and editing. J.S.: conceptualization, methodology, validation, supervision, project administration, writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Autonomous Region (2022B02043), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2003112) and the Key Research and Development Project of Xinjiang (2024B02003).

Data Availability Statement

The original data presented in the study are openly available in online repositories at NCBI-PRJNA1305143.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Compositions of symbiotic bacteria in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang (phylum level). (Note: A: corn population; B: soybean population; C: cotton population).
Figure 1. Compositions of symbiotic bacteria in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang (phylum level). (Note: A: corn population; B: soybean population; C: cotton population).
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Figure 2. Composition of symbiotic bacteria in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang (genus level). (Note: A: corn population; B: soybean population; C: cotton population).
Figure 2. Composition of symbiotic bacteria in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang (genus level). (Note: A: corn population; B: soybean population; C: cotton population).
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Insects 16 01126 g003
Figure 3. Venn diagram of symbiotic bacteria in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang. ((A) Note: Different colors denote distinct groups. The central region illustrates the total number of species common to all groups, whereas the peripheral areas represent the species uniquely associated with each individual group. (B) The vertical axis of the column chart indicates the number of OTUs (operational taxonomic units) corresponding to the species within each group).
Figure 3. Venn diagram of symbiotic bacteria in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang. ((A) Note: Different colors denote distinct groups. The central region illustrates the total number of species common to all groups, whereas the peripheral areas represent the species uniquely associated with each individual group. (B) The vertical axis of the column chart indicates the number of OTUs (operational taxonomic units) corresponding to the species within each group).
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Figure 4. Comparison of symbiotic bacterial community richness in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang. (A) The Chao 1 index of T. truncatus on different hosts. (B) The Chao 1 index of T. truncatus on different hosts in the northern and southern regions of Xinjiang. (Note: The two groups with differences between the two ends of the upper line are connected; * represents p < 0.05, ** represents p < 0.01, *** represents p < 0.001).
Figure 4. Comparison of symbiotic bacterial community richness in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang. (A) The Chao 1 index of T. truncatus on different hosts. (B) The Chao 1 index of T. truncatus on different hosts in the northern and southern regions of Xinjiang. (Note: The two groups with differences between the two ends of the upper line are connected; * represents p < 0.05, ** represents p < 0.01, *** represents p < 0.001).
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Figure 5. Comparison of symbiotic bacterial community diversity in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang. (A) The Chao 1 index of T. truncatus on different hosts. (B) The Chao 1 index of T. truncatus on different hosts in the northern and southern regions of Xinjiang. (Note: The two groups with differences between the two ends of the upper line are connected; ** represents p < 0.01, *** represents p < 0.001).
Figure 5. Comparison of symbiotic bacterial community diversity in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang. (A) The Chao 1 index of T. truncatus on different hosts. (B) The Chao 1 index of T. truncatus on different hosts in the northern and southern regions of Xinjiang. (Note: The two groups with differences between the two ends of the upper line are connected; ** represents p < 0.01, *** represents p < 0.001).
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Figure 6. Environmental factor analysis of endosymbiotic bacteria in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang (genus level) (Note: (A) corn population (118 samples); (B) soybean population (48 samples); (C) cotton population (24 samples). The asterisks in the color blocks represent significance; * 0.01 < p ≤ 0.05, ** 0.001 < p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001).
Figure 6. Environmental factor analysis of endosymbiotic bacteria in different geographical populations of T. truncatus in Xinjiang (genus level) (Note: (A) corn population (118 samples); (B) soybean population (48 samples); (C) cotton population (24 samples). The asterisks in the color blocks represent significance; * 0.01 < p ≤ 0.05, ** 0.001 < p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001).
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Table 1. The geographical coordinates of the collection sites, hosts, and climate parameters of T. truncatus in Xinjiang.
Table 1. The geographical coordinates of the collection sites, hosts, and climate parameters of T. truncatus in Xinjiang.
Regional DistributionSampling LocationHostHost VarietySample SizePopulation CodeLon
(°E)		Lat
(°N)		Alt
(m)		AMT
(°C)		AP
(mm)		RH
(%)		APA
(hPa)		WVEL
(m/s)		SUN
(h)
Northern XinjiangKekedala CitySoybeanXindadou 2612N_68D80.62444.12757812.90241.5142.68934.813.574797.40
Shuanghe CityCornXinyu 979N_81Y82.48544.77227011.36149.6144.23961.042.424776.80
Shuanghe CityCornXinyu 9712N_82Y82.59244.78263611.36149.6144.23961.042.424776.80
Shihezi CityCornHuamei 112N_121Y86.04844.29149310.96172.445.38964.712.984776.00
Huyanghe CityCornHuaxi 7036N_124Y84.87444.79628410.38177.7645.24948.903.114799.00
Habahe County, Altay PrefectureCornHeyu 18712N_AHY86.48048.0855123.10331.7856.56887.883.124812.80
Urumqi CityCornBixiang 10112N_ANY87.50543.98256610.96225.4044.19933.362.974774.20
Wusu City, Tacheng PrefectureCornDenghai 55012N_GY84.30344.4134836.43203.6049.68872.901.854828.40
Shanshan County, Turpan CityCornSitai 15912N_SY90.54643.00551711.9825.8930.51908.673.244805.60
Fukang City, Changji Hui Autonomous PrefectureCornSitai 1127N_JY88.07644.1705609.59189.2644.36928.992.904782.40
Southern XinjiangAksu City, Aksu PrefectureCottonXinluzhong 8412S_AMr80.26341.168116213.5857.3731.85894.882.694832.60
Aksu City, Aksu PrefectureSoybeanFengchan 8012S_LDr80.26341.168116213.5857.3731.85894.882.694832.60
Xinhe County, Aksu PrefectureCornZhengdan 95812S_XY82.57741.546101712.7975.7535.18892.172.94821.20
Tumushuke CityCornXianyu 33512S_4414Y79.13339.827116413.6488.2333.53892.172.914779.40
Tumushuke CitySoybeanZhonghuang 3512S_44D79.13339.827116413.6488.2333.53892.172.914779.40
Tumushuke CitySoybeanHeihe 1112S_53D79.08939.868109813.6488.2333.53892.172.914779.40
Tumushuke CityCottonTahe 212S_53M79.08939.868109813.6488.2333.53892.172.914779.40
Note: Lat: latitude; Lon: longitude; AMT: annual mean temperature; Alt: altitude; AP: annual precipitation; RH: relative humidity; APA: average pressure; WVEL: wind velocity; SUN: annual sunshine duration.
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Mu, K.; Zhang, B.; Cai, Z.; Chen, J.; Zhang, J.; Su, J. Diversity and Influencing Factors of Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Tetranychus truncatus Sourced from Major Crops in Xinjiang. Insects 2025, 16, 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111126

AMA Style

Mu K, Zhang B, Cai Z, Chen J, Zhang J, Su J. Diversity and Influencing Factors of Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Tetranychus truncatus Sourced from Major Crops in Xinjiang. Insects. 2025; 16(11):1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111126

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mu, Kaiqin, Bing Zhang, Zhiping Cai, Jing Chen, Jianping Zhang, and Jie Su. 2025. "Diversity and Influencing Factors of Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Tetranychus truncatus Sourced from Major Crops in Xinjiang" Insects 16, no. 11: 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111126

APA Style

Mu, K., Zhang, B., Cai, Z., Chen, J., Zhang, J., & Su, J. (2025). Diversity and Influencing Factors of Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Tetranychus truncatus Sourced from Major Crops in Xinjiang. Insects, 16(11), 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111126

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