Response of Chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) to Environmental Factors at Different Spatial Scales
Abstract
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Bodies | Code | Habitat Description | Number of Sites |
---|---|---|---|
Lakes | AL03 | Large lakes with 100 km2 surface, maximum depth above 120 m, below 800 m a.s.l. altitude, including littoral, sublittoral and profundal zones | 68 |
AL04 | Lakes with maximum depth < 15 m, below 800 m a.s.l. altitude, polymictic, without a clear thermal stratification | 8 | |
AL05 | Lakes similar to AL04, but with thermal stratification, with littoral, sublittoral and profundal zone | 53 | |
AL06 | Lakes similar to AL05, but with depth above 15 m, with littoral, sublittoral and profundal zone | 53 | |
ALAlps | Small alpine lakes, including types AL01, AL02, AL07, AL08, AL09, AL10 described in [15,16], all above 800 m a.s.l., with a calcareous or siliceous substrate | 18 | |
ME04 | Lakes collected in the Mediterranean area, except for the volcanic lakes ME07 | 22 | |
ME07 | Volcanic lakes in Central Italy | 15 | |
Streams and rivers | Crenal | Springs | 45 |
Kryal | Glacial streams or cold springs near glacial streams | 70 | |
Rhithral | Wadable streams | 259 | |
Potamal | Large, not wadable rivers | 177 |
Abbreviations | Species | Author | n |
---|---|---|---|
T. T. punctipennis | Tanypus (Tanypus) punctipennis | Meigen, 1818 | 83 |
P. H. choreus | Procladius (Holotanypus) choreus | (Meigen, 1804) | 255 |
M. nebulosa | Macropelopia nebulosi | (Meigen, 1804) | 68 |
A. A. longistyla | Ablabesmyia (Ablabesmyia) longistyla | Fittkau, 1962 | 68 |
A. A. monilis | Ablabesmyia (Ablabesmyia) monilis | (Linnaeus, 1758) | 94 |
T. longimanus | Trissopelopia longimanus | (Stäger, 1839) | 31 |
Z. barbatipes | Zavrelimyia barbatipes | (Kieffer, 1911) | 63 |
C. pallidula | Conchapelopia pallidula | (Meigen, 1818) | 349 |
R. ornata | Rheopelopia ornate | (Meigen, 1838) | 73 |
P. branickii | Pseudodiamesa branickii | (Nowicki, 1873) | 72 |
D. bertrami | Diamesa bertrami | Edwards, 1935 | 58 |
D. goetghebueri | Diamesa goetghebueri | Pagast, 1947 | 21 |
D. latitarsis | Diamesa latitarsis | (Goetghebuer, 1921) | 48 |
D. cinerella | Diamesa cinerella | Meigen in Gistl, 1835 | 29 |
D. tonsa | Diamesa tonsa | (Walker, 1856) | 184 |
D. zernyi | Diamesa zernyi | Edwards, 1933 | 85 |
S. spinifera | Sympotthastia spinifera | Serra-Tosio, 1968 | 61 |
P. gaedii | Potthastia gaedii | (Meigen, 1838) | 90 |
P. longimanus | Potthastia longimanus | (Kieffer, 1922) | 52 |
P. olivacea | Prodiamesa olivacea | (Meigen, 1818) | 173 |
B. bifida | Brillia bifida | (Kieffer, 1909) | 152 |
B. longifurca | Brillia longifurca | Kieffer, 1921 | 53 |
T. calvescens | Tvetenia calvescens | (Edwards, 1929) | 310 |
E. ilkleyensis | Eukiefferiella ilkleyensis | (Edwards, 1929) | 109 |
E. minor | Eukiefferiella minor | (Edwards, 1929) | 124 |
E. brevicalcar | Eukiefferiella brevicalcar | (Kieffer, 1911) | 57 |
E. claripennis | Eukiefferiella claripennis | (Lundbeck, 1898) | 241 |
P. P. sordidellus | Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) sordidellus | (Zetterstedt, 1838) | 53 |
P. P. oxyura | Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) oxyura | Langton, 1985 | 120 |
R. P. chalybeatus | Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chalybeatus | (Edwards, 1929) | 136 |
R. R. effusus | Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) effusus | (Walker, 1856) | 121 |
R. R. fuscipes | Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) fuscipes | Kieffer, 1909 | 210 |
P. niger | Paracricotopus niger | (Kieffer, 1913) | 95 |
N. dichromus | Nanocladius dichromus | (Kieffer, 1906) | 89 |
P. nudipennis | Parorthocladius nudipennis | (Kieffer, 1908) | 42 |
S. semivirens | Synorthocladius semivirens | (Kieffer, 1909) | 244 |
O. E. fuscimanus | Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) fuscimanus | (Kieffer in K. & Thien., 1908) | 82 |
O. E. rivicola | Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) rivicola | Kieffer, 1921 | 294 |
O. M. frigidus | Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius) frigidus | (Zetterstedt, 1838) | 147 |
O. O. excavatus | Orthocladius (Orthocladius) excavatus | Brundin, 1947 | 179 |
O. O. oblidens | Orthocladius (Orthocladius) oblidens | (Walker, 1856) | 184 |
O. O. rhyacobius | Orthocladius (Orthocladius) rhyacobius | Kieffer, 1911 | 164 |
O. O. rubicundus | Orthocladius (Orthocladius) rubicundus | (Meigen, 1818) | 217 |
C. P. skirwithensis | Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) skirwithensis | (Edwards, 1929) | 100 |
C. P. rufiventris | Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) rufiventris | (Meigen, 1830) | 304 |
C. C. fuscus | Cricotopus (Cricotopus) fuscus | (Kieffer, 1909) | 80 |
C. C. tremulus | Cricotopus (Cricotopus) tremulus | (Linnaeus, 1756) | 179 |
C. C. annulator | Cricotopus (Cricotopus) annulator | Goetghebuer, 1927 | 193 |
C. C. triannulatus | Cricotopus (Cricotopus) triannulatus | (Macquart, 1826) | 138 |
C. C. bicinctus | Cricotopus (Cricotopus) bicinctus | (Meigen, 1818) | 326 |
C. C. trifascia | Cricotopus (Cricotopus) trifascia | Edwards, 1929 | 97 |
C. I. sylvestris | Cricotopus (Isocladius) sylvestris | (Fabricius, 1794) | 218 |
C. I. intersectus | Cricotopus (Isocladius) intersectus | (Stäger, 1839) | 33 |
C. dentiforceps | Chaetocladius dentiforceps | (Edwards, 1929) | 46 |
P. excerptus | Paratrissocladius excerptus | (Walker, 1856) | 21 |
H. marcidus | Heterotrissocladius marcidus | (Walker, 1856) | 64 |
P. stylatus | Parametriocnemus stylatus | (Kieffer, 1924) | 181 |
P. bathophila | Parakiefferiella bathophila | (Kieffer, 1912) | 52 |
H. serratosioi | Heleniella serratosioi | Ringe, 1976 | 45 |
C. lobata | Corynoneura lobata | Edwards, 1924 | 28 |
C. scutellata | Corynoneura scutellata | Winnertz, 1846 | 118 |
S. bausei | Stempellina bausei | (Kieffer, 1911) | 45 |
T. brundini | Tanytarsus brundini | Lindeberg, 1963 | 44 |
T. gregarius | Tanytarsus gregarius | Kieffer, 1909 | 123 |
T. volgensis | Tanytarsus volgensis | Miseiko, 1967 | 58 |
V. albisutus | Virgatanytarsus albisutus | (Santos-Abreu, 1918) | 53 |
C. atridorsum | Cladotanytarsus atridorsum | Kieffer, 1924 | 100 |
C. mancus | Cladotanytarsus mancus | (Walker, 1856) | 32 |
R. rhenanus | Rheotanytarsus rhenanus | Klink, 1983 | 74 |
P. austriacus | Paratanytarsus austriacus | (Kieffer, 1924) | 26 |
P. dissimilis | Paratanytarsus dissimilis | (Johannsen, 1905) | 88 |
P. lauterborni | Paratanytarsus lauterborni | (Kieffer, 1909) | 62 |
P. mediterraneus | Paratanytarsus mediterraneus | Reiss & Säwedal, 1981 | 60 |
M. atrofasciata | Micropsectra atrofasciata | (Kieffer, 1911) | 395 |
M. apposita | Micropsectra apposita | (Walker, 1856) | 15 |
M. notescens | Micropsectra notescens | (Walker, 1856) | 45 |
P. prasinatus | Pseudochironomus prasinatus | (Stäger, 1839) | 62 |
P. albimanus | Paratendipes albimanus | (Meigen, 1818) | 143 |
M. pedellus | Microtendipes pedellus | (De Geer, 1776) | 205 |
P. orophila | Pagastiella orophila | (Edwards, 1929) | 35 |
P. flavipes | Phaenopsectra flavipes | (Meigen, 1818) | 134 |
P. P. sordens | Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) sordens | (van der Wulp, 1874) | 81 |
P. P. laetum | Polypedilum (Polypedilum) laetum | (Meigen, 1818) | 171 |
P. P. nubeculosum | Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nubeculosum | (Meigen, 1804) | 320 |
P. T. scalaenum | Polypedilum (Tripodura) scalaenum | (Schrank, 1803) | 34 |
P. U. convictum | Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) convictum | (Walker, 1856) | 65 |
P. U. cultellatum | Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) cultellatum | Goetghebuer, 1931 | 70 |
E. tendens | Endochironomus tendens | (Fabricius, 1775) | 89 |
C. C. anthracinus | Chironomus (Chironomus) anthracinus | Zetterstedt, 1860 | 101 |
C. C. riparius | Chironomus (Chironomus) riparius | Meigen, 1804 | 237 |
C. C. plumosus | Chironomus (Chironomus) plumosus | (Linnaeus, 1758) | 196 |
D. nervosus | Dicrotendipes nervosus | (Stäger, 1839) | 182 |
G. G. pallens | Glyptotendipes (Glyptotendipes) pallens | (Meigen, 1804) | 106 |
C. viridulum | Cladopelma viridulum | (Linnaeus, 1767) | 115 |
M. tener | Microchironomus tener | (Kieffer, 1918) | 35 |
P. gracilior | Parachironomus gracilior | (Kieffer, 1918) | 109 |
P. camptolabis | Paracladopelma camptolabis | (Kieffer, 1913) | 57 |
P. nigritulum | Paracladopelma nigritulum | (Goetghebuer, 1942) | 17 |
H. fuscimanus | Harnischia fuscimanus | (Kieffer, 1921) | 58 |
C. defectus | Cryptochironomus defectus | (Kieffer, 1913) | 156 |
D. vulneratus | Demicryptochironomus vulneratus | (Zetterstedt, 1838) | 52 |
(a) pCCA | ||
Partitioning of scaled chi-square | Inertia | Proportion |
Total | 7.5026 | 1.0000 |
Conditioned | 0.3442 | 0.0459 |
Constrained | 0.8090 | 0.1078 |
Unconstrained | 6.3494 | 0.8463 |
(b) pCCAi | ||
Partitioning of scaled chi-square | Inertia | Proportion |
Total | 7.5026 | 1.0000 |
Conditioned | 0.8742 | 0.1165 |
Constrained | 0.2790 | 0.0372 |
Unconstrained | 6.3494 | 0.8463 |
(a) pCCA | |||||||
CCA1 | CCA2 | CCA3 | CCA4 | CCA5 | CCA6 | CCA7 | |
Eigenvalue | 0.39553 | 0.18411 | 0.07284 | 0.05362 | 0.04247 | 0.02286 | 0.02073 |
Proportion explained | 0.05525 | 0.02572 | 0.01018 | 0.00749 | 0.00593 | 0.00319 | 0.00290 |
Cumulative proportion | 0.05525 | 0.08097 | 0.09115 | 0.09864 | 0.10457 | 0.10777 | 0.11066 |
(b) pCCAi | |||||||
CCA1 | CCA2 | CCA3 | CCA4 | CCA5 | CCA6 | CCA7 | |
Eigenvalue | 0.07832 | 0.06361 | 0.05698 | 0.03346 | 0.02045 | 0.01039 | 0.00783 |
Proportion explained | 0.01182 | 0.00960 | 0.00860 | 0.00505 | 0.00309 | 0.00157 | 0.00118 |
Cumulative proportion | 0.01182 | 0.02141 | 0.03001 | 0.03506 | 0.03814 | 0.03971 | 0.04089 |
Habitat | AL03 | AL04 | AL05 | AL06 | Alalp | Crenal | Kryal | ME04 | ME07 | Potamal | Rhithral | Original |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AL03 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 68 |
AL04 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
AL05 | 3 | 1 | 38 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 53 |
AL06 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 53 |
AlAlps | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 |
Crenal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 10 | 45 |
Kryal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 70 |
ME04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 22 |
ME07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
Potamal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 148 | 26 | 177 |
Rhithral | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 244 | 259 |
Predicted | 71 | 8 | 44 | 41 | 19 | 36 | 61 | 25 | 15 | 160 | 308 |
Order | Variables | R2 | R2Cum | AdjR2Cum | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | MEM1 | 0.0271 | 0.0271 | 0.0234 | 0.01 |
2 | MEM5 | 0.0255 | 0.0526 | 0.0453 | 0.01 |
3 | MEM23 | 0.0190 | 0.0716 | 0.0609 | 0.01 |
4 | MEM16 | 0.0183 | 0.0899 | 0.0758 | 0.01 |
5 | MEM19 | 0.0172 | 0.1071 | 0.0898 | 0.01 |
6 | MEM3 | 0.0164 | 0.1235 | 0.1031 | 0.01 |
7 | MEM4 | 0.0159 | 0.1395 | 0.1160 | 0.01 |
8 | MEM2 | 0.0157 | 0.1552 | 0.1287 | 0.01 |
9 | MEM13 | 0.0128 | 0.1679 | 0.1385 | 0.01 |
10 | MEM29 | 0.0113 | 0.1792 | 0.1468 | 0.01 |
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Rossaro, B.; Marziali, L. Response of Chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) to Environmental Factors at Different Spatial Scales. Insects 2024, 15, 272. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040272
Rossaro B, Marziali L. Response of Chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) to Environmental Factors at Different Spatial Scales. Insects. 2024; 15(4):272. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040272
Chicago/Turabian StyleRossaro, Bruno, and Laura Marziali. 2024. "Response of Chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) to Environmental Factors at Different Spatial Scales" Insects 15, no. 4: 272. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040272
APA StyleRossaro, B., & Marziali, L. (2024). Response of Chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) to Environmental Factors at Different Spatial Scales. Insects, 15(4), 272. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040272