Correction: He et al. Biology, Ecology and Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in China: A Review. Insects 2023, 14, 196

Yuxin He; Yijuan Xu; Xiao Chen

doi:10.3390/insects15020093

Error in Figure/Table

In the original publication [1], there was a mistake in Figure 1 and Table 1 and Table 2 as published. Overall, the issue that needs to be corrected relates to the fact that the distribution range of tephritid fruit flies is not as large as previously described. Although they were mentioned in the literature, sometimes there is no evidence of the field collection of adults or larvae. In other instances, the fruit can only be infested when the hard peel is mechanically damaged and therefore cannot be considered a host.

The corrected Figure 1 and Table 1 and Table 2 are shown below.

Figure 1. Distribution of tephritid fruit flies in each province of China. The size of the solid circles in the figure represents the species number of tephritid fruit flies. Colors in the figure represent different regions (Red, yellow, green, blue, purple, and pink represent North, Central, South, East, Southwest, and Northwest China respectively). Abbreviations: AH, Anhui; CQ, Chongqing Shi; FJ, Fujian; GD, Guangdong; GX, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu; GZ, Guizhou; HA, Henan; HB, Hubei; HI, Hainan; HK, Hong Kong; HN, Hunan; JS, Jiangsu; JX Jiangxi; NM, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu; SC, Sichuan; SH, Shanghai Shi; SN, Shaanxi, SX, Shanxi; XJ Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, TW, Taiwan; YN, Yunnan; ZJ, Zhejiang. The map data was generated by Geospatial Data Cloud (https://www.gscloud.cn, accessed on 4 February 2022) and Alibaba Cloud (DataV.GeoAtlas, http://datav.aliyun.com/portal/school/atlas/area_selector, accessed on 4 February 2022). The spa-tial analysis function was via ArcGIS (version 10.7) and Mapshaper (https://mapshaper.org, accessed on 4 February 2022).

Table 1. Distribution of tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China (based on the provincial level).

Specific Name	Regions	Provinces	Native Range	First Reported	References
Bactrocera correcta	East	Taiwan	India and South-East Asia	1982, Yunnan	[10–17]
	South	Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu
	Southwest	Sichuan (only detected in Miyi County) and Yunnan
Bactrocera dorsalis	Central	Hubei and Hunan	South-East China	1911, Taiwan	[16,18–32]
	East	Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai Shi ^⊙, Jiangxi, Fujian and Taiwan
	South	Guangdong, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Hainan and Hong Kong ^●
	Southwest	Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing Shi ^⊙ and Yunnan
Bactrocera latifrons (only captured by bait traps)	East	Fujian and Taiwan	South-East Asia	-	[16,33–43]
	South	Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu
	Southwest	Guizhou and Yunnan
Bactrocera minax	Northwest	Shaanxi	China	-	[44–49]
	East	Jiangxi and Taiwan
	Central	Hubei and Hunan
	South	Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu
	Southwest	Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan
Bactrocera tsuneonis	East	Taiwan	East Asia	1940, Sichuan	[16,20,50–54]
	Central	Hunan
	Southwest	Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan
Zeugodacus scutellatus (only captured by bait traps)	North	Shanxi	East Asia	1912, Taiwan	[16,52,55–64]
	Northwest	Shaanxi (only 6 adults captured by bait traps in 1984)
	East	Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian and Taiwan
	Central	Henan, Hubei and Hunan
	South	Guangdong, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu and Hainan
	Southwest	Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing Shi ^⊙ and Yunnan
Carpomya vesuviana	Northwest	Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (currently limited in Turpan region and under official control)	India	2007, Xinjiang (Turpan)	[65,66]
Rhagoletis batava obseuriosa	North	Nei Mongol Zizhiqu	Russia	1985, Liaoning	[67–69]
Rhagoletis batava obseuriosa	Northwest	Shaanxi and Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu	Russia	1985, Liaoning	[67–69]
Zeugodacus cucurbitae	East	Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and Taiwan	India	1960, Taiwan	[16,39,70–80]
	Central	Hubei and Hunan
	South	Guangdong, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Hainan and Hong Kong ^●
	Southwest	Guizhou, Sichuan Chongqing Shi ^⊙ and Yunnan
Zeugodacus tau	East	Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and Taiwan	Asia	1912, Guangdong and Yunnan	[16,59,77,81–89]
	Central	Henan, Hubei, and Hunan
	South	Guangdong, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu and Hainan
	Southwest	Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing Shi ^⊙ and Yunnan

Notes: “⊙” represents municipalities directly under the control of the Central Government, and “●” represents special administrative regions (SAR).

Table 2. Records of host plants of tephritid fruit flies in China.

Tephritid Species	Plant Type	Plant Family	Plant Species	Degree of Damage	References
Bactrocera correcta	Fruit	Anacardiaceae	Anacardium occidentale	nd	[3,94,95]
		Anacardiaceae	Mangifera indica	+++
		Annonaceae	Annona squamosa	++
		Combretaceae	Terminalia catappa	nd
		Musaceae	Musa nana	++
		Myrtaceae	Psidium guajava	+++
		Myrtaceae	Syzygium samarangense	nd
		Oxalidaceae	Averrhoa carambola	+++
		Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus jujuba	nd
		Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus mauritiana	++
		Rosaceae	Prunus salicina	+
			Prunus spp.	nd
			Pseudocydonia sinensis	++
			Pyrus pyrifolia	+
		Rutaceae	Citrus maxima	+
			Citrus reticulata	++
			Citrus sinensis	+
		Sapotaceae	Manilkara zapota	nd
	Vegetable	Cucurbitaceae	Cucumis sativus	+
		Cucurbitaceae	Momordica charantia	++
		Solanaceae	Capsicum annuum	+
			Solanum lycopersicum	+
			Solanum melongena	+
Bactrocera dorsalis	Fruit	Actinidiaceae	Actinidia fulvicoma	+	[96–98]
		Anacardiaceae	Mangifera indica	+/++++
		Annonaceae	Desmos chinensis	+
		Ebenaceae	Diospyros kaki	+
			Diospyros morrisiana	++
			Diospyros tutcheri	+
		Euphorbiaceae	Phyllanthus emblica	+
		Melastomataceae	Melastoma dodecandrum	+
		Moraceae	Broussonetia kaempferi	+
			Broussonetia papyrifera	+
			Ficus hirta	+
			Ficus sagittata	+
		Musaceae	Musa nana	nd
		Myricaceae	Myrica rubra	++
		Myrtaceae	Acmena acuminatissima	+
			Cleistocalyx operculatus	++
			Psidium guajava	+++/++++
			Rhodomyrtus tomentosa	++
			Syzygium jambos	++++
			Syzygium levinei	+
			Syzygium samarangense	++++
		Oxalidaceae	Averrhoa carambola	+++
		Punicaceae	Punica granatum	+++
		Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus jujuba	++++
		Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus spp.	nd
		Rhizophoraceae	Carallia brachiata	++
		Rosaceae	Amygdalus davidiana	++
			Duchesnea indica	+
			Eriobotrya fragrans	+
			Eriobotrya japonica	++/++++
			Malus pumila	+
			Prunus mume	+
			Prunus persica	+/++++
			Prunus phaeosticta	+
			Prunus salicina	+
			Pseudocydonia sinensis	+
			Pyrus calleryana	+
			Pyrus pyrifolia	+
			Rubus leucanthus	+
			Rubus reflexus	+
			Rubus rosifolius	+
			Rubus sumatranus	+
		Rutaceae	Citrus limon	+
			Citrus maxima	+
			Citrus reticulata	+++
			Clausena lansium	++
			Fortunella hindsii	++
		Sapotaceae	Manilkara zapota	+
		Vitaceae	Cayratia japonica	+
			Vitis amurensis	+
			Vitis vinifera	+
	Vegetable	Cucurbitaceae	Cucumis melo	+
			Cucumis sativus	++
			Cucurbita moschata	+
			Luffa aegyptiaca	++++
			Momordica charantia	+
			Sechium edule	+
		Solanaceae	Capsicum annuum	+
			Solanum lycopersicum	++
			Solanum melongena	+
Bactrocera latifrons	Vegetable	Solanaceae	Capsicum annuum	+	[33,99,100]
Bactrocera latifrons	Vegetable	Solanaceae	Solanum melongena	+	[33,99,100]
Bactrocera minax	Fruit	Rutaceae	Citrus aurantium	nd	[47]
			Citrus erythrosa	nd
			Citrus junos	nd
			Citrus limon	nd
			Citrus maxima	+++/++++
			Citrus medica	+++/++++
			Citrus paradisi	nd
			Citrus poonensis	+/++++
			Citrus reticulata	nd
			Citrus sinensis	+/++/+++/++++
			Citrus tangerina	+/+++
			Citrus unshiu	+/++/+++/++++
			Fortunella margarita	nd
			Poncirus trifoliata	nd
Bactrocera tsuneonis	Fruit	Rutaceae	Citrus aurantium	nd	[101,102]
			Citrus reticulata	nd
			Citrus sinensis	nd
			Fortunella japonica	nd
Carpomya vesuviana	Fruit	Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus spp.	nd	[65]
Rhagoletis batava obseuriosa	Fruit	Elaeagnaceae	Hippophae spp.	nd	[68]
Zeugodacus cucurbitae	Vegetable	Cucurbitaceae	Benincasa hispida	nd	[97,103]
			Citrullus lanatus	nd
			Cucumis sativus	++++
			Cucurbita moschata	nd
			Cucurbita pepo	nd
			Luffa aegyptiaca	++++
			Momordica charantia	++
			Sechium edule	++
Zeugodacus scutellatus	Vegetable	Cucurbitaceae	Cucurbitaceae flowers	nd	[16,104]
Zeugodacus tau	Vegetable	Cucurbitaceae	Benincasa hispida	nd	[97,105,106]
			Citrullus lanatus	++
			Cucumis sativus	+/++
			Cucurbita moschata	++/+++/++++
			Cucurbita pepo	nd
			Luffa aegyptiaca	+/++
			Momordica charantia	+
			Sechium edule	++

Notes: “+” represents the degree of damage (<10%: +, 10–30%: ++, 30–50%: +++, >50%: ++++); “nd” represents there is no record of the degree of harm although there is a host; “p” represents possible hosts.

Missing Citation

In the original publication, “Refs. [10–12,31–32,44,81]” was not cited. The citation has now been inserted in Table 1.

In the original publication, “Ref. [104]” was not cited. The citation has now been inserted in Table 2.

Text Correction

There was an error in the original publication: Bactrocera scutellata was referred to instead of Zeugodacus scutellatus. Bactrocera scutellata has been changed to Zeugodacus scutellatus due to a recent classification revision.

A correction has been made to the second paragraph in the Introduction section, Table 1 and Table 2.

“…which are the most studied in China, especially Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi), Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel), Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), Bactrocera tsuneonis (Miyake), Carpomya vesuviana (Costa), Rhagoletis batava obseuriosa (Kolomiets), Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), Zeugodacus scutellatus (Hendel) and Zeugodacus tau (Walker).”

A correction has been made to Section 2.2 Distribution. We rephrased the first sentence to “The data presented in Figure 1 and Table 1 were obtained from literature reports with the field evidence. Fujian and Taiwan Provinces in East China, Guangdong Province and the Guangxi Zhuang Zizhiqu in South China, and Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces in Southwest China are the areas where the tephritid fruit flies overlap many times.…”

References

Due to the change in the distribution range of some species (showed in Table 1), the following references are no longer necessary for citation in the updated manuscript.

[3] White, I.M.; Elson-Harris, M.M. Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics, 1st ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1992; ISBN 978-0-85198-790-3.
[10] Database of Major Invasive Animal Species. Available online: http://museum.ioz.ac.cn/iad/View/Site/Species.aspx (accessed on 4 February 2023).
[21] Gong, Q.T.; Zhang, K.P.; Li, S.H.; Jia, H.Z.; Wu, H.B.; Sun, R.H. Occurrence, damage, prevention and control of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Deciduous Fruits 2022, 54, 49–52. https://doi.org/10.13855/j.cnki.lygs.2022.01.015.
[37] Chen, P.; Ye, H. Fruit fly diversity analysis at five regions in the western Yunnan, China. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2009, 29, 2953–2961.
[49] Gong, X.Z.; Chen, W.H.; Bai, Z.L.; Gan, X.J.; Liao, Y.M. Effects of attractants on the trapping of Bactrocera (Tetradacus) tsuneonis (Miyake). Plant Quar. 2008, 22, 285–287. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2755.2008.05.005.
[63] Zhang, X.Y.; Chen, G.Q.; Meng, Y.Q.; Huang, Z.D. Population dynamics and effect evaluation of sexual pheromones for monitoring tephritids flies in orange orchards with mixed planting of fruits and vegetables in Taizhou. J. Zhejiang Agric. Sci. 2011, 1368–1370. https://doi.org/10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.2011.06.040.
[69] Ge, B.W.; Li, G.H.; Zhang, Y.A.; Fan, Y.F. Preliminary study of Rhagoletis batava obseuriosa. Liaoning For. Sci. Technol. 1988, 45–46+61. Available online: https://oversea.cnki.net/kns/manage/export?filename=lnlk198803015&dbname=CJFD8589 (accessed on 2 January 2023).
[70] Chen, X.D.; Dang, X.D.; Li, F. Characteristics and analysis of the zone system of hippophae insects in Shaanxi. Hippophae 2001, 14, 23–26.
[71] Liu, J.J. Major pests and weeds of hippophae in Heilongjiang Province and integrated control. Hippophae 2005, 18, 11–12.
[90] Yang, Y.L.; Wu, S.A.; Zheng, M.H. Initial reports of Zeugodacus tau in Shanxi Province. Plant Quar. 1994, 8, 330–331.
[93] Ismay, J.W. Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics. By Ian M. White and Marlene, M. Elson- Harris. (Wallingford: CAB International, 1991). Bull. Entomol. Res. 1992, 82, 433.
[132] Zhang, Z.Y.; Zhao, B.; Zhang, L.; Liang, H.J. The host preference experiment of Bactrocera correcta. Chin. J. Appl. Entomol. 2011, 48, 359–363.

Below references were added in the updated manuscript.

[10] Liu, X.; Zhang, L.; Haack, R.A.; Liu, J.; Ye, H. A noteworthy step on a vast continent: new expansion records of the guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi, 1916)(Diptera: Tephritidae), in mainland China. BioInvasions Rec. 2019, 8, 530–539.
[11] Liu, X.; Jin, Y.; Ye, H. Recent spread and climatic ecological niche of the invasive guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta, in mainland China. J. Pest Sci. 2013, 86, 449–458.
[12] Yu, J.Y.; Ren, K.L.; Xue, W.P.; Li, T.Q.; Wang, X.J.; Geng, K. The species and population dynamics of Tephritid fruit flies in the macaque peach orchard of Xiuwen County. S. China Fruits 2022, 51, 117–121.
[31] Aketarawong, N.; Bonizzoni, M.; Thanaphum, S.; Gomulski, L.; Gasperi, G.; Malacrida, A.R.; Gugliemino, C. Inferences on the population structure and colonization process of the invasive oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Mol. Ecol. 2007, 16, 3522–3532.
[32] Wan, X.; Nardi, F.; Zhang, B.; Liu, Y. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, in China: origin and gradual inland range expansion associated with population growth. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e25238.
[44] Cui, Z.; Zhou, Q.; Liu, Y.; Si, P.; Wang, Y. Molecular identification of citrus fruit flies and genetic diversity analysis of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations in China based on mtDNA COI gene sequences. Acta Entomol. Sin. 2020, 63, 85–96.
[81] Wang, Y.T.; Bai, Q.; Chen, H.S.; Tian, Z.Y.; Gao, X.Y.; Zhou, Z.S. Distribution differences between Zeugodacus cucurbitae and Zeugodacus tau in China. J. Environ. Entomol. 2022, 44, 1170–1175.
[104] Al Baki, M.A.; Keum, E.; Kim, H.; Song, Y.; Kim, Y.; Kwon, G.; Park, Y. Age grading and gene flow of overwintered Bactrocera scutellata populations. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 2017, 20, 1402–1409.

Due to these corrections, the order of some references has been adjusted accordingly. The order of some other references needs to be adjusted, please see details as below:

Citation in the original publication	New citation in updated publication
[93]	[3]
[46]	[47]
[45]	[48]
[48]	[53]
[64]	[57]
[65]	[58]
[55]	[63]
[60]	[64]
[68]	[68]
[80]	[70]
[84]	[71]
[79]	[72]
[76]	[73]
[75]	[74]
[78]	[75]
[53]	[82]
[89]	[84]
[85]	[89]
[99]	[94]
[51]	[102]
[153]	[149]
[155]	[151]

The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.

Reference

He, Y.; Xu, Y.; Chen, X. Biology, Ecology and Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in China: A Review. Insects 2023, 14, 196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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