Network Modeling for Post-Entry Management of Invasive Pest Species in the Philippines: The Case of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Model Development
2.2. Network Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Potato–CPB Agroecosystem Model
3.2. Solution Structures and Represented Scenarios
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Process Engineering | Socio-Ecological Systems |
---|---|
(S1) Every final product is represented in the structure | (SE1) There should be at least one well-defined terminal ecosystem service in the ecosystem structure. |
(S2) A material represented in the structure is a raw material if and only if it is not an output of any operating unit represented in the structure | (SE2) An ecosystem service represented in the structure is exogenous if and only if it is not an output of a functional unit defined in the ecosystem structure. |
(S3) Every operating unit represented in the structure is defined in the synthesis problem | (SE3) Every ecosystem functional unit in the ecosystem structure is well defined. |
(S4) Any operating unit represented in the structure has at least one path leading to a product | (SE4) Any ecosystem functional unit has at least one path leading to a terminal ecosystem service. |
(S5) If a material belongs to the structure, it must be an input to or output from at least one operating unit represented in the structure | (SE5) If an ecosystem service belongs to the ecosystem structure, it must be an input to or output from at least one ecosystem functional unit represented in the structure. |
Assumption: capital is available to pay for operating units and operating costs. | Assumption: energy is available to keep the ecosystem structure functioning |
Goals: (1) meet production goal at (2) minimum cost for the structure and operation | Goals: (1) meet ecosystem services goal; and (2) minimize a cost metric (e.g., money, ecological footprint, energy, etc.) for the structure, management, functioning, and operations of the ecosystem services |
Material/Unit | Description |
---|---|
Chemical_Dosing | Chemical control strategy against Leptinotarsa decemlineata (CPB) |
Control | Overall pest control |
CPB_adults | Adult CPB |
CPB_eggs | Eggs of CPB |
CPB_larvae | Larvae of CPB |
CPB_pupae | Pupae of CPB |
E_puttleri_Pop | Edovum puttleri population |
E_puttleri_Rep | Reproductive capacity of E. puttleri |
Eclosion | Eclosion of CPB pupae |
Foliage | Foliage of the potato plant |
Hatching | Hatching of CPB eggs |
Health_of_E_puttleri | Overall health of E. puttleri |
Health_of_L_decemlineata | Overall health of CPB |
Health_of_O_dichrous | Overall health of Oplomus dichrous |
Health_of_Potato | Overall health of the potato plant |
Infestation | Infestation capacity of CPB on the potato plant |
L_decemlineata_Est | Establishment of invading CPB |
L_decemlineata_Pop | CPB population |
L_decemlineata_Rep | Reproductive capacity of CPB on the host potato plant |
Level_of_Infestation | Observable level of infestation by CPB on the host potato plant |
O_dichrous_Pop | O. dichrous population |
O_dichrous_Rep | Reproductive capacity of O. dichrous |
Pesticide | Thiamethoxam |
Potato_Rep | Reproduction of the potato plant |
Pupation | Pupation of CPB larvae |
Tuber | Yield of consumable potato tubers |
Tuberization | Formation of tubers by the potato plant |
Underground_Bud | Underground buds of the potato plant |
Vegetative_Rep | Vegetative reproduction of the potato plant via tubers not for human consumption |
Solution Structure | Represented Scenario | Tuber Production | Level of Infestation | Control |
---|---|---|---|---|
SS1 | Chemically controlled system, with two biological control agents eradicated as well | 0.816 | 0.23 | 1 |
SS2 | Biologically controlled system with Edovum puttleri | 0.920 | 0.1 | 1 |
SS3 | Biologically controlled system with Oplomus dichrous | 0.976 | 0.03 | 1 |
SS4 | Insecticide applied prior to Leptinotarsa decemlineata (CPB) establishment, eradicating either biological control agent | 1 | N.A. | 1 |
SS5 | Biologically controlled system with release of E. puttleri upon detection of eggs from invading CPB | 1 | N.A. | 1 |
SS6 | Biologically controlled system with release of O. dichrous upon the occurrence of immature and mature progeny of invading CPB | 1 | N.A. | 1 |
SS7 | System with uncontrolled CPB infestation | 0.231 | 0.961538 | N.A. |
SS8 | Completely healthy system, without CPB | 1 | N.A. | N.A. |
SS9 | System without potato, but with invading CPB and occurring natural enemies killed by insecticide | N.A. | N.A. | 1 |
SS10 | Null | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
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Almarinez, B.J.M.; Amalin, D.M.; Aviso, K.B.; Cabezas, H.; Lao, A.R.; Tan, R.R. Network Modeling for Post-Entry Management of Invasive Pest Species in the Philippines: The Case of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Insects 2023, 14, 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14090731
Almarinez BJM, Amalin DM, Aviso KB, Cabezas H, Lao AR, Tan RR. Network Modeling for Post-Entry Management of Invasive Pest Species in the Philippines: The Case of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Insects. 2023; 14(9):731. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14090731
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmarinez, Billy Joel M., Divina M. Amalin, Kathleen B. Aviso, Heriberto Cabezas, Angelyn R. Lao, and Raymond R. Tan. 2023. "Network Modeling for Post-Entry Management of Invasive Pest Species in the Philippines: The Case of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" Insects 14, no. 9: 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14090731