Diapause Induction, Color Changes, and Supercooling Point of Diapause Larvae of Tetrastichus septentrionalis Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Insect Production
2.2. Experiment 1: The Critical Photoperiod for Diapause Induction under Different Temperature Conditions
2.3. Experiment 2: Morphological Observations of the Diapause State of T. septentrionalis
2.4. Experiment 3: Sensitive Insect State Determination for Photoperiod-Induced Diapause
2.5. Experiment 4: Determination of Post-Diapause Developmental Starting Temperatures and Effective Cumulative Temperatures
2.6. Experiment 5: Measurement of the Supercooling Point and Freezing Point of T. septentrionalis
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Experiment 1: The Effect of Photoperiod on T. septentrionalis and Its Critical Photoperiod under Different Temperature Conditions
3.2. Experiment 2: Comparison between the Diapause and Non-Diapause Insect Morphology of T. septentrionalis
3.3. Experiment 3: Photoperiod-Induced Diapause Induction of Sensitive Insect States
3.4. Experiment 4: Post-Diapause Developmental Starting Temperatures and Effective Cumulative Temperatures of T. septentrionalis
3.5. Experiment 5: Comparison of the Supercooling Point and Freezing Point between Diapause and Non-Diapause T. septentrionalis
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Photoperiod (L:D) | Actual Measurement Sample No. | Diapause Rate (%) (18 °C) | Diapause Rate (%) (21 °C) | Diapause Rate (%) (24 °C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
7:17 | 85 | 100.00 ± 0.00 aA | 99.97 ±0.06 aA | 97.08 ± 1.87 aA |
8:16 | 89 | 100.00 ± 0.00 aA | 100.00 ±0.00 aA | 82.50 ± 7.12 bB |
9:15 | 87 | 100.00 ± 0.00 aA | 100.00 ±0.00 aA | 70.12 ± 7.81 bB |
10:14 | 89 | 99.54 ± 0.46 aA | 100.00 ±0.00 aA | 76.90 ± 7.68 bB |
11:13 | 89 | 99.92 ± 0.08 aA | 99.89 ± 0.11 aA | 66.67 ± 8.75 bB |
12:12 | 89 | 99.72 ± 0.23 aA | 100.00 ± 0.00 aA | 93.96 ± 3.93 aA |
13:11 | 89 | 97.95 ± 1.25 aA | 80.23 ± 7.31 bB | 42.72 ± 8.95 bC |
14:10 | 87 | 4.55 ± 3.72 bA | 3.50 ± 3.45 cA | 0.00 ± 0.00 cB |
15:9 | 83 | 6.61 ± 3.98 bA | 3.57 ± 3.57 cA | 0.00 ± 0.00 cB |
16:8 | 88 | 0.00 ± 0.00 cA | 0.00 ± 0.00 dA | 0.00 ± 0.00 cA |
Temperature (°C) | Fitted Equation | Coefficient of Determination (R2) | Critical Photoperiod |
---|---|---|---|
18 | Y = −45.815X2 + 1143.605X − 7026.18 | 1.00 | L:D =14 h 2 min:9 h 58 min |
21 | Y = −28.480X2 + 692.230X − 4105.640 | 1.00 | L:D = 14 h 2 min:9 h 58 min |
24 | Y = 4.260X2 − 157.740X + 1373.400 | 1.00 | L:D = 14 h 0 min:10 h 00 min |
Treatment | Approximate Stage | (Mean ± SE) Diapause Rate | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Egg | Larval | Pupal | ||||||||||||
0–2 d | 2–4 d | 0–2 d | 2–4 d | 4–6 d | 6–8 d | 8–10 d | 10–12 d | 12–14 d | 0–2 d | 2–4 d | 4–6 d | 6–8 d | ||
1 | S | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | 0.00 ± 0.00% c |
2 | S | S | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | 0.00 ± 0.00% c |
3 | S | S | S | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | 0.11 ± 0.11% c |
4 | S | S | S | S | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | 1.14 ± 0.57% c |
5 | S | S | S | S | S | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | 15.08 ± 5.02% b |
6 | S | S | S | S | S | S | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | 16.28 ± 7.92% b |
7 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | L | L | L | L | L | L | 98.66 ± 1.11% a |
8 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | L | L | L | L | L | 99.30 ± 0.70% a |
9 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | L | L | L | L | 100.00 ± 0.00% a |
10 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | L | L | L | 100.00 ± 0.00% a |
11 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | L | L | 100.00 ± 0.00% a |
12 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | L | 100.00 ± 0.00% a |
13 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | 99.66 ± 0.34% a |
A | L | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | 100.00 ± 0.00% a |
B | L | L | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | 100.00 ± 0.00% a |
C | L | L | L | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | 99.26 ± 0.74% a |
D | L | L | L | L | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | 100.00 ± 0.00% a |
E | L | L | L | L | L | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | 62.19 ± 14.60% b |
F | L | L | L | L | L | L | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | 16.31 ± 8.48% c |
G | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1.26 ± 0.65% d |
H | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | S | S | S | S | S | 0.72 ± 0.58% d |
I | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | S | S | S | S | 0.00 ± 0.00% d |
J | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | S | S | S | 0.00 ± 0.00% d |
K | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | S | S | 0.00 ± 0.00% d |
L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | S | 0.00 ± 0.00% d |
M | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | 0.00 ± 0.00% d |
Temperature (°C) | Developmental Duration (d) | Developmental Rate (1/d) |
---|---|---|
18 | 35.42 ± 0.20 a | 0.03 ± 0.02 c′ |
21 | 26.75 ± 0.17 b | 0.04 ± 0.02 b′ |
24 | 17.00 ± 0.22 c | 0.06 ± 0.08 a′ |
Temperature (°C) | Number of Individuals | Different Treatments of Insect States | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diapause | Non-Diapause | ||||
SCP (°C) | FP (°C) | SCP (°C) | FP (°C) | ||
18 | 60 | −23.26 ± 0.2ff5 cB | −20.87 ± 0.3ff0 cB | −19.51 ± 0.4ff8 bA | −13.84 ± 0.5ff5 bA |
21 | 60 | −22.09 ± 0.3ff1 bB | −19.90 ± 0.3ff1 bB | −20.20 ± 0.4ff2 bA | −17.26 ± 0.4ff7 cA |
24 | 60 | −18.69 ± 0.3ff7 aB | −15.49 ± 0.4ff2 aB | −15.49 ± 0.4ff2 aA | −10.25 ± 0.4ff2 aA |
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Li, Z.; Shi, J.; Yang, L.; Cheng, Y.; Liu, X.; Sun, S. Diapause Induction, Color Changes, and Supercooling Point of Diapause Larvae of Tetrastichus septentrionalis Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Insects 2023, 14, 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14100826
Li Z, Shi J, Yang L, Cheng Y, Liu X, Sun S. Diapause Induction, Color Changes, and Supercooling Point of Diapause Larvae of Tetrastichus septentrionalis Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Insects. 2023; 14(10):826. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14100826
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhixin, Junrui Shi, Liyuan Yang, Yiran Cheng, Xudan Liu, and Shouhui Sun. 2023. "Diapause Induction, Color Changes, and Supercooling Point of Diapause Larvae of Tetrastichus septentrionalis Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)" Insects 14, no. 10: 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14100826