Kairomonal Effect of Aphid Alarm Pheromones and Analogs on the Parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Culture of Parasitoids
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Synthesis Procedure of EβF Analogs
2.4. Olfactometer Bioassays
2.5. Behavioral Response Time Bioassay
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Synthesis of EβF Analogs
3.2. Olfactometer Bioassay: Response of D. rapae to Single Components of Alarm Pheromones
3.3. Olfactory Response of D. rapae to the Blend of Alarm Pheromones
3.4. Olfactory Response of D. rapae to Single EβF Analogs
3.5. Olfactory Response of D. rapae to the Blend of EβF Analogs
3.6. Two-Way Choice of D. rapae for Aphid Alarm Pheromones and Analogs
3.7. Olfactory Response Time of D. rapae to Aphid Alarm Pheromones and Analogs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | Concentrations (µg/µL) | ||
---|---|---|---|
0.1 | 1.0 | 5.0 | |
(–)-α-pinene | 5.6 ± 4.8 lmn | 10.0 ± 4.4 i–n | 21.4 ± 2.9 e–i |
(–)-β-pinene | 1.1 ± 1.9 n | 14.7 ± 1.3 h–n | 18.9 ± 4.8 g–m |
(+)-limonene | 16.9 ± 7.0 h–n | 21.1 ± 3.4 e–i | 19.2 ± 9.5 f–m |
EβF | 6.1 ± 1.9 k–n | 21.9 ± 1.3 e–k | 33.6 ± 0.5 b–g |
Analog I | 4.4 ± 4.2 mn | 4.4 ± 1.0 mn | 25.8 ± 3.8 d–i |
Analog II | 25.0 ± 3.0 d–i | 39.4 ± 2.5 bcd | 23.1 ± 2.4 e–j |
Blend I | 9.7 ± 5.5 i–n | 34.2 ± 6.5 b–g | 36.7 ± 6.0 bcde |
Blend II | 6.9 ± 8.7 j–n | 30.8 ± 4.3 c–h | 42.2 ± 4.7 bc |
Blend III | 8.3 ± 3.8 j–n | 35.3 ± 13.5 b–f | 40.8 ± 3.0 bcd |
Blend IV | 25.6 ± 7.9 d–i | 56.9 ± 1.7 a | 47.8 ± 9.6 ab |
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Qin, Y.; Zhang, S.; Li, Z. Kairomonal Effect of Aphid Alarm Pheromones and Analogs on the Parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae. Insects 2022, 13, 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111055
Qin Y, Zhang S, Li Z. Kairomonal Effect of Aphid Alarm Pheromones and Analogs on the Parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae. Insects. 2022; 13(11):1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111055
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Yaoguo, Shangyang Zhang, and Zhengxi Li. 2022. "Kairomonal Effect of Aphid Alarm Pheromones and Analogs on the Parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae" Insects 13, no. 11: 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111055