Modified Atmosphere Does Not Reduce the Efficacy of Phytosanitary Irradiation Doses Recommended for Tephritid Fruit Flies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tephritids
2.2. Fruit Infestation, Incubation, and Maintenance
2.3. Low Oxygen Treatments
2.4. Radiation Treatments
2.5. Post-Treatment Evaluations
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dose (Gy) | Atmospheric Conditions 1 | n | No. Larvae Per Fruit | Total No. Larvae Treated | Total No. Insects Dead | Adult Emergence (%) 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Normoxia | 36 | 180 ± 33 | 8976 | 2051 | 75.8 ± 2.4 AB |
Hypoxia | 33 | 222 ± 36 | 7318 | 1078 | 80.5 ± 2.3 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 40 | 162 ± 26 | 6475 | 1243 | 70.6 ± 3.7 B | |
25 | Normoxia | 30 | 210 ± 29 | 6287 | 6141 | 2.2 ± 0.5 A |
Hypoxia | 32 | 268 ± 37 | 8578 | 8187 | 6.0 ± 1.3 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 27 | 265 ± 50 | 7145 | 4771 | 38.7 ± 4.3 B | |
35 | Normoxia | 12 | 207 ± 47 | 2483 | 2476 | 0.2 ± 0.3 A |
Hypoxia | 10 | 327 ± 94 | 3275 | 3274 | 0.3 ± 0.0 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 12 | 225 ± 78 | 2701 | 2625 | 5.5 ± 3.0 A | |
50 | Normoxia | 17 | 131 ± 24 | 2224 | 2224 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
Hypoxia | 11 | 224 ± 66 | 2462 | 2462 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 17 | 136 ± 27 | 2318 | 2318 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
70 | Normoxia | 28 | 196 ± 32 | 5501 | 5501 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
Hypoxia | 31 | 191 ± 30 | 5911 | 5911 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 32 | 216 ± 39 | 6896 | 6896 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
Dose (Gy) | Atmospheric Conditions 1 | n | No. Larvae Per Fruit | Total No. Larvae Treated | Total No. Insects Dead | Adult Emergence (%) 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Normoxia | 27 | 109 ± 15 | 5985 | 1723 | 68.3 ± 3.1 A |
Hypoxia | 18 | 209 ± 44 | 3757 | 648 | 81.3 ± 2.6 B | |
Severe hypoxia | 24 | 161 ± 30 | 3863 | 1247 | 64.7 ± 4.5 A | |
25 | Normoxia | 38 | 232 ± 30 | 8797 | 8602 | 2.1 ± 0.5 A |
Hypoxia | 25 | 222 ± 38 | 5539 | 5261 | 9.3 ± 4.3 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 26 | 102 ± 23 | 2639 | 1891 | 35.6 ± 5.4 B | |
35 | Normoxia | 25 | 164 ± 27 | 4088 | 4082 | 0.1 ± 0.1 A |
Hypoxia | 12 | 239 ± 65 | 2864 | 2863 | 0.1 ± 0.1 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 16 | 145 ± 35 | 2315 | 2293 | 1.5 ± 0.9 A | |
50 | Normoxia | 23 | 119 ± 30 | 2731 | 2731 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
Hypoxia | 12 | 250 ± 62 | 2996 | 2996 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 19 | 170 ± 36 | 3237 | 3233 | 0.1 ± 0.1 A | |
70 | Normoxia | 20 | 100 ± 26 | 1990 | 1990 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
Hypoxia | 14 | 176 ± 49 | 2468 | 2468 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 19 | 128 ± 38 | 2435 | 2435 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
Dose (Gy) | Atmospheric Conditions 1 | n | No. Larvae Per Fruit | Total No. Larvae Treated | Total No. Insects Dead | Adult Emergence (%) 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Normoxia | 36 | 123 ± 10 | 18,397 | 3057 | 84.7 ± 1.5 A |
Hypoxia | 24 | 86 ± 11 | 4050 | 844 | 82.4 ± 2.7 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 47 | 108 ± 10 | 11,168 | 2269 | 81.0 ± 2.2 A | |
30 | Normoxia | 8 | 78 ± 17 | 1172 | 1105 | 5.5 ± 1.8 A |
Hypoxia | 16 | 141 ± 25 | 4523 | 3872 | 14.4 ± 3.6 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 7 | 101 ± 21 | 1508 | 816 | 45.9 ± 5.6 B | |
40 | Normoxia | 41 | 119 ± 17 | 4899 | 4787 | 3.8 ± 1.1 A |
Hypoxia | 34 | 133 ± 21 | 4523 | 4264 | 12.0 ± 3.2 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 43 | 89 ± 14 | 3820 | 3143 | 21.8 ± 3.8 B | |
80 | Normoxia | 16 | 143 ± 33 | 2289 | 2288 | 0.01 ± 0.01 A |
Hypoxia | 31 | 116 ± 22 | 3699 | 3699 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 14 | 76 ± 23 | 1069 | 1069 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
116 | Normoxia | 48 | 70 ± 8 | 6405 | 6405 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
Hypoxia | 32 | 80 ± 12 | 4967 | 4967 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 36 | 63 ± 9 | 4511 | 4511 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
150 | Normoxia | 33 | 187 ± 31 | 6175 | 6175 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
Hypoxia | 28 | 66 ± 10 | 1852 | 1852 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 28 | 141 ± 20 | 3938 | 3938 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
Dose (Gy) | Atmospheric Conditions 1 | n | No. Larvae Per Fruit | Total No. Larvae Treated | Total No. Insects Dead | Adult Emergence (%) 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Normoxia | 21 | 69 ± 7 | 5901 | 1293 | 78.3 ± 2.5 A |
Hypoxia | 9 | 63 ± 19 | 1004 | 267 | 74.8 ± 3.1 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 29 | 46 ± 6 | 2462 | 424 | 77.6 ± 3.6 A | |
20 | Normoxia | 4 | 76 ± 21 | 529 | 514 | 10.5 ± 5.6 A |
Hypoxia | 10 | 49 ± 14 | 977 | 796 | 29.1 ± 6.2 B | |
Severe hypoxia | 10 | 66 ± 18 | 1320 | 591 | 67.3 ± 6.0 C | |
30 | Normoxia | 12 | 78 ± 15 | 2590 | 2470 | 3.6 ± 1.6 A |
Hypoxia | 9 | 32 ± 9 | 543 | 489 | 12.2 ± 6.0 AB | |
Severe hypoxia | 12 | 44 ± 9 | 1053 | 846 | 19.8 ± 5.2 B | |
50 | Normoxia | 9 | 73 ± 36 | 654 | 653 | 0.6 ± 0.6 A |
Hypoxia | 20 | 62 ± 16 | 1248 | 1247 | 0.2 ± 0.2 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 20 | 44 ± 11 | 880 | 880 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
70 | Normoxia | 6 | 70 ± 18 | 1031 | 1031 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
Hypoxia | 11 | 124 ± 27 | 2727 | 2727 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 10 | 86 ± 21 | 1334 | 1334 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
100 | Normoxia | 39 | 39 ± 5 | 2969 | 2969 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
Hypoxia | 19 | 59 ± 9 | 2138 | 2138 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A | |
Severe hypoxia | 33 | 27 ± 4 | 1550 | 1550 | 0.0 ± 0.0 A |
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Dias, V.S.; Hallman, G.J.; Martínez-Barrera, O.Y.; Hurtado, N.V.; Cardoso, A.A.S.; Parker, A.G.; Caravantes, L.A.; Rivera, C.; Araújo, A.S.; Maxwell, F.; et al. Modified Atmosphere Does Not Reduce the Efficacy of Phytosanitary Irradiation Doses Recommended for Tephritid Fruit Flies. Insects 2020, 11, 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11060371
Dias VS, Hallman GJ, Martínez-Barrera OY, Hurtado NV, Cardoso AAS, Parker AG, Caravantes LA, Rivera C, Araújo AS, Maxwell F, et al. Modified Atmosphere Does Not Reduce the Efficacy of Phytosanitary Irradiation Doses Recommended for Tephritid Fruit Flies. Insects. 2020; 11(6):371. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11060371
Chicago/Turabian StyleDias, Vanessa S., Guy J. Hallman, Olga Y. Martínez-Barrera, Nick V. Hurtado, Amanda A. S. Cardoso, Andrew G. Parker, Luis A. Caravantes, Camilo Rivera, Alexandre S. Araújo, Florence Maxwell, and et al. 2020. "Modified Atmosphere Does Not Reduce the Efficacy of Phytosanitary Irradiation Doses Recommended for Tephritid Fruit Flies" Insects 11, no. 6: 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11060371