Fumigation Activity against Phosphine-Resistant Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Carbonyl Sulfide
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
2.2. Fumigants
2.3. Fumigation Experiments
2.4. Gas Concentration and Sorption Measurements
2.5. Rice Quality Evaluation
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fumigation Activities of PH3 and COS in a 12-LDesiccator
3.2. Scale-Up Fumigation Experiment with PH3 and COS in a 0.5 m3 Fumigation Chamber
3.3. Rice Quality and Sorption of the Two Fumigants
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Exposure Time(h) | Species/Strain | Stages | n | Locate | Mortality | CT Value (g·h/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O. surinamensis | Egg | 283 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | 39.40 | |
284 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
286 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
285 | Control | 4.9 ± 2.7b | ||||
Larva | 290 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
268 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
291 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
278 | Control | 3.6 ± 0.9b | ||||
Pupa | 271 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
281 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
279 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
280 | Control | 5.8 ± 4.0b | ||||
Adult | 283 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
291 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
290 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
288 | Control | 5.3 ± 0.8b | ||||
24 | T. castaneumd-strain | Egg | 296 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |
296 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
293 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
294 | Control | 9.4 ± 0.8b | ||||
Larva | 270 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
275 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
280 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
270 | Control | 5.0 ± 1.5b | ||||
Pupa | 270 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
270 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
270 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
270 | Control | 7.3 ± 1.1b | ||||
Adult | 270 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
270 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
270 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
270 | Control | 3.3 ± 0.6b | ||||
T. castaneumr-strain | Egg | 301 | Top | 3.3 ± 1.9a | ||
292 | Middle | 5.5 ± 1.2a | ||||
276 | Bottom | 7.6 ± 1.0a | ||||
278 | Control | 4.7 ± 1.4b | ||||
Larva | 279 | Top | 61.2 ± 2.8a | |||
274 | Middle | 67.1 ± 1.9a | ||||
278 | Bottom | 65.8 ± 4.2a | ||||
281 | Control | 3.6 ± 1.6b | ||||
Pupa | 297 | Top | 25.9 ± 1.8a | |||
296 | Middle | 24.0 ± 3.5a | ||||
291 | Bottom | 21.7 ± 3.7a | ||||
291 | Control | 7.2 ± 1.2b | ||||
Adult | 273 | Top | 28.3 ± 5.1a | |||
284 | Middle | 27.0 ± 4.3a | ||||
281 | Bottom | 23.2 ± 3.9a | ||||
286 | Control | 5.3 ± 1.9b | ||||
192 | T. castaneumr-strain | Egg | 285 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | 261.31 |
277 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
300 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
279 | Control | 1.8 ± 0.8b | ||||
Larva | 305 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
285 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
281 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
273 | Control | 7.3 ± 3.1b | ||||
Pupa | 300 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
300 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
300 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
288 | Control | 7.7 ± 1.3b | ||||
Adult | 291 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
284 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
279 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
280 | Control | 8.1 ± 2.6b |
Exposure Time(h) | Species/Strain | Stages | n | Locate | Mortality | CT Value (g·h/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24 | O. surinamensis | Egg | 307 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | 1264.7 |
308 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
300 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
324 | Control | 9.7 ± 3.0b | ||||
Larva | 316 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
301 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
328 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
292 | Control | 7.2 ± 2.6b | ||||
Pupa | 280 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
320 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
319 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
332 | Control | 10.2 ± 2.5b | ||||
Adult | 317 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
299 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
303 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
285 | Control | 7.1 ± 2.0b | ||||
T. castaneumd-strain | Egg | 288 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | ||
301 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
313 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
320 | Control | 3.0 ± 1.7b | ||||
Larva | 300 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
300 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
300 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
300 | Control | 4.3 ± 1.2b | ||||
Pupa | 270 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
270 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
270 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
270 | Control | 8.5 ± 1.6b | ||||
Adult | 282 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
277 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
274 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
275 | Control | 6.5 ± 2.2b | ||||
T. castaneumr-strain | Egg | 243 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | ||
304 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
347 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
262 | Control | 8.4 ± 2.3b | ||||
Larva | 295 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
307 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
272 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
306 | Control | 5.9 ± 1.7b | ||||
Pupa | 289 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
285 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
288 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
312 | Control | 9.1 ± 1.4b | ||||
Adult | 343 | Top | 100 ± 0.0a | |||
329 | Middle | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
304 | Bottom | 100 ± 0.0a | ||||
278 | Control | 2.5 ± 1.3b |
Quality Criteria a | Control | PH3 | p-Value | COS | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein content | 5.60 ± 0.00a | 5.53 ± 0.03a | 0.12 | 5.60 ± 0.00a | - |
Amylose content | 13.77 ± 0.0a | 14.01 ± 0.06a | 0.03 | 13.80 ± 0.03a | 0.35 |
Head rice ratio | 76.80 ± 1.36a | 76.0 ± 1.20a | 0.68 | 76.6 ± 1.37a | 0.92 |
Broken rice ratio | 1.37 ± 0.23a | 1.53 ± 0.35a | 0.75 | 0.90 ± 0.00a | 0.32 |
Chalky rice ratio | 7.07 ± 0.38a | 7.67 ± 0.37a | 0.32 | 6.67 ± 0.61a | 0.91 |
Damaged rice ratio | 14.83 ± 1.18a | 12.97 ± 0.92a | 0.39 | 15.8 ± 0.80a | 0.52 |
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Lee, H.K.; Jeong, G.; Kim, H.K.; Kim, B.-S.; Yang, J.-O.; Koo, H.-N.; Kim, G.-H. Fumigation Activity against Phosphine-Resistant Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Carbonyl Sulfide. Insects 2020, 11, 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110750
Lee HK, Jeong G, Kim HK, Kim B-S, Yang J-O, Koo H-N, Kim G-H. Fumigation Activity against Phosphine-Resistant Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Carbonyl Sulfide. Insects. 2020; 11(11):750. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110750
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Han Kyung, Geunho Jeong, Hyun Kyung Kim, Bong-Su Kim, Jeong-Oh Yang, Hyun-Na Koo, and Gil-Hah Kim. 2020. "Fumigation Activity against Phosphine-Resistant Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Carbonyl Sulfide" Insects 11, no. 11: 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110750