Effect of Collection Month, Visible Light, and Air Movement on the Attraction of Male Agriotes obscurus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Click Beetles to Female Sex Pheromone
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Beetle Collection and Pheromone Formulation
2.2. Experiment 1: Air Movement
2.3. Experiment 2: Visible Light
2.4. Experiment 3: Month of Beetle Collection
2.5. Experiment 4: Beetle Response Range
3. Results
3.1. Experiment 1: Air Movement
3.2. Experiment 2: Visible Light
3.3. Experiment 3: Month of Beetle Collection
3.4. Experiment 4: Beetle Response Range
4. Discussion
4.1. Male Click Beetles Respond to Pheromone under Both Moving and Still Air Conditions
4.2. Visible Light Shows No Impact on Pheromone Response
4.3. Male Click Beetles More Active in March and April
4.4. Beetle Response Range and Recapture Rates
4.5. Implications for Pheromone-Based Management Strategies
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment | Response | Transformation | Fixed Effects | Random Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|
Experiment 1: Air movement | Walking speed | Air movement Pheromone Beetle collection | Date of experiment | |
Distance walked | ||||
Time to first contact with granule band | Natural log | |||
Number of contacts with granule band | Square-root | |||
Duration of contact with granule band | Natural log | |||
Experiment 2: Light quality | Walking Speed | Light type Pheromone Beetle collection | Date of experiment | |
Distance Walked | ||||
Number of contacts with granules zone | Square-root | |||
Duration of contact with granule zone | Natural log | |||
Activity duration * | ||||
Probability of reaching granule zone | Squared | |||
Experiment 3: Seasonality | Walking speed | Pheromone Beetle collection | Date of experiment | |
Distance walked | ||||
Time spent moving | ||||
Experiment 4: Response range | Proportion of beetles recovered ^ | Pheromone Release direction Release distance | Plot |
Num DF | Den DF | F Value | Pr > F | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Walking speed | ||||
Pheromone | 1 | 126 | 32.6 | <0.001 |
Beetle collection | 2 | 126 | 9.64 | <0.001 |
Pheromone: Beetle collection | 2 | 124 | 0.55 | 0.581 |
Distance walked | ||||
Pheromone | 1 | 126 | 32.75 | <0.001 |
Beetle collection | 2 | 126 | 8.72 | <0.001 |
Pheromone: Beetle collection | 2 | 124 | 0.47 | 0.624 |
Movement duration | ||||
Pheromone | 1 | 126 | 27.87 | <0.001 |
Beetle collection | 2 | 126 | 6.35 | 0.002 |
Pheromone: Beetle collection | 2 | 124 | 0.83 | 0.437 |
Release Distance (m) | Mean Hours to Maximum Recapture (±SE) |
---|---|
1 | 19.3 (4.2) |
3 | 13.1 (0.9) |
7 | 34.6 (2.6) |
14 | 38.1 (8.5) |
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Leung, J.P.S.; Cory, J.S.; Kabaluk, J.T.; Janmaat, A.F. Effect of Collection Month, Visible Light, and Air Movement on the Attraction of Male Agriotes obscurus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Click Beetles to Female Sex Pheromone. Insects 2020, 11, 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110729
Leung JPS, Cory JS, Kabaluk JT, Janmaat AF. Effect of Collection Month, Visible Light, and Air Movement on the Attraction of Male Agriotes obscurus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Click Beetles to Female Sex Pheromone. Insects. 2020; 11(11):729. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110729
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeung, Joyce P. S., Jenny S. Cory, J. Todd Kabaluk, and Alida F. Janmaat. 2020. "Effect of Collection Month, Visible Light, and Air Movement on the Attraction of Male Agriotes obscurus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Click Beetles to Female Sex Pheromone" Insects 11, no. 11: 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110729