Early Olfactory Environment Influences Antennal Sensitivity and Choice of the Host-Plant Complex in a Parasitoid Wasp
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects and Plants
Parasitoid Conditioning
- -
- Simple environment, without host switching: Parasitoids from each population had been raised on their respective HPC for over 50 generations and were reared in two separate climatic chambers for at least two generations. Thus, females used for experiments were exposed only to the odor cues of their natal HPC during their larval and pupal development.
- -
- Simple environment, with host switching: Females originating from each population reared in a simple environment for many generations were then allowed to oviposit on the alternative HPC, in the corresponding chamber. Females hatching from the resulting mummies were used for experiments. Thus, experimental insects originated from one HPC strain, but in the last generation developed on the alternative HPC (and were exposed only to the odor cues of this HPC).
- -
- Complex environment: Parasitoids from each population were raised on their respective HPC in a mixed environment, i.e., they were raised on one HPC in the presence of the other HPC. Cages containing the two HPCs were placed next to each other in the same climatic chamber, resulting in a distance of only a few centimeters between mummies on their HPC and the alternative HPC and thus odor exposure to both HPCs. Females were used for experiments after at least 2 generations in their complex environment.
2.2. Behavioral Experiments
2.3. Electroantennography
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Influence of Early Experience in a Simple Environment
3.1.1. Influence of Early Experience on HPC Choice
3.1.2. Influence of Early Experience on Antennal Sensitivity
3.2. Influence of Early Experience in a Complex Environment
4. Discussion
4.1. Adaptive Implications of Experience-Modulated Host Choice
4.2. The Effect of Experience of Antennal Sensitivity to HPC-Emitted Volatiles
4.3. Influence of Environment Complexity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environment | Treatment | Friedman’s Test (df = 2) | Pairwise Comparisons (p-value) 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2 | p | ApF vs. SaB | ApF vs. Central | SaB vs. Central | ||
Simple | ApF (no host switching) | 44 | <0.01 | 0.005 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
ApF (host switching) | 46 | <0.01 | 0.034 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
SaB (no host switching) | 48.3 | <0.01 | 0.68 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
SaB (host switching) | 34.9 | <0.01 | 0.22 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
Complex | ApF (no host switching) | 48 | <0.01 | 0.011 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
SaB (no host switching) | 36.5 | <0.01 | 0.048 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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Luquet, M.; Tritto, O.; Cortesero, A.-M.; Jaloux, B.; Anton, S. Early Olfactory Environment Influences Antennal Sensitivity and Choice of the Host-Plant Complex in a Parasitoid Wasp. Insects 2019, 10, 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10050127
Luquet M, Tritto O, Cortesero A-M, Jaloux B, Anton S. Early Olfactory Environment Influences Antennal Sensitivity and Choice of the Host-Plant Complex in a Parasitoid Wasp. Insects. 2019; 10(5):127. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10050127
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuquet, Martin, Olympe Tritto, Anne-Marie Cortesero, Bruno Jaloux, and Sylvia Anton. 2019. "Early Olfactory Environment Influences Antennal Sensitivity and Choice of the Host-Plant Complex in a Parasitoid Wasp" Insects 10, no. 5: 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10050127
APA StyleLuquet, M., Tritto, O., Cortesero, A.-M., Jaloux, B., & Anton, S. (2019). Early Olfactory Environment Influences Antennal Sensitivity and Choice of the Host-Plant Complex in a Parasitoid Wasp. Insects, 10(5), 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10050127