Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Moths Decide to Migrate when Suffering Nutrient Shortage on the First Day after Emergence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
2.2. Adult Starvation
2.3. Reproductive Parameters of Female Moths
2.4. Migration Parameters
2.4.1. Percent Take-Off
2.4.2. Flight Capability Measurement
2.5. Determination of Triglyceride Content
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Influence of Adult Starvation on Reproduction
3.2. Influence of Adult Starvation on Flight Performance
3.3. Influence of Adult Starvation on Triglyceride Content
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Adult Starvation on Reproductive Parameters
4.2. Effect of Adult Nutrition on Behavioral Response
4.3. Effect of Adult Nutrition on Physiological Adjustment
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trait | Source | df | Mean-Square Value (MS) | F-Values | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fecundity | Starvation timing | 2 | 990 | 0.079 | 0.924 |
Starvation duration | 4 | 230,851 | 18.46 | <0.001 | |
Starvation timing × starvation duration | 1 | 257 | 0.02 | 0.89 | |
Error | 191 | 12,508 | |||
Preoviposition period | Starvation timing | 2 | 3.28 | 3.43 | 0.035 |
Starvation duration | 4 | 8.86 | 9.26 | <0.001 | |
Starvation timing × starvation duration | 1 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 0.30 | |
Error | 191 | 0.96 |
Trait | Source | df | MS | F-Values | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Take-off percentage | Adult age | 2 | 16,891.56 | 46.52 | <0.001 |
Sex | 1 | 154.47 | 0.43 | 0.516 | |
Treatment | 2 | 23,182.94 | 63.844 | <0.001 | |
Adult age × Sex | 2 | 190.81 | 0.53 | 0.593 | |
Sex × Treatment | 2 | 95.32 | 0.26 | 0.770 | |
Adult age × Treatment | 4 | 4294.37 | 11.83 | <0.001 | |
Adult age × Sex × Treatment | 4 | 181.98 | 0.50 | 0.735 | |
Error | 102 | 363.12 | |||
Flight duration | Sex | 2 | 58.34 | 6.34 | 0.002 |
Adult age | 1 | 85.54 | 9.30 | 0.002 | |
Treatment | 2 | 94.98 | 10.33 | <0.001 | |
Adult age × Sex | 2 | 11.19 | 1.22 | 0.297 | |
Sex × Treatment | 2 | 8.54 | 0.93 | 0.396 | |
Adult age × Treatment | 4 | 45.88 | 4.99 | <0.001 | |
Adult age × Sex × Treatment | 4 | 1.98 | 0.22 | 0.930 | |
Error | 358 | 9.20 | |||
Flight distance | Sex | 2 | 163.29 | 7.00 | <0.001 |
Adult age | 1 | 216.76 | 9.29 | 0.002 | |
Treatment | 2 | 218.48 | 9.36 | <0.001 | |
Adult age × sex | 2 | 47.95 | 2.06 | 0.130 | |
Sex × Treatment | 2 | 21.22 | 0.91 | 0.404 | |
Adult age × Treatment | 4 | 103.10 | 4.42 | 0.002 | |
Adult age × Sex × Treatment | 4 | 6.66 | 0.29 | 0.887 | |
Error | 358 | 23.33 |
Trait | Source | df | MS | F-Values | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thorax | Sex | 1 | 0.48 | 0.26 | 0.609 |
Adult age | 2 | 0.34 | 0.19 | 0.831 | |
Treatment | 2 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.895 | |
Adult age × Sex | 2 | 0.32 | 0.17 | 0.841 | |
Sex × Treatment | 2 | 1.69 | 0.81 | 0.403 | |
Adult age × Treatment | 4 | 2.19 | 1.18 | 0.319 | |
Adult age × Sex × Treatment | 4 | 3.06 | 1.65 | 0.162 | |
Error | 221 | 1.85 | |||
Abdomen | Sex | 1 | 12.46 | 3.05 | 0.082 |
Adult age | 2 | 6.71 | 1.64 | 0.196 | |
Treatment | 2 | 39.45 | 9.67 | <0.001 | |
Adult age × Sex | 2 | 1.36 | 0.33 | 0.718 | |
Sex × Treatment | 2 | 5.72 | 1.40 | 0.248 | |
Adult age × Treatment | 4 | 43.53 | 10.67 | <0.001 | |
Adult age × Sex × Treatment | 4 | 0.62 | 0.15 | 0.962 | |
Error | 221 | 4.08 |
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Guo, J.-W.; Li, P.; Zhang, J.; Liu, X.-D.; Zhai, B.-P.; Hu, G. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Moths Decide to Migrate when Suffering Nutrient Shortage on the First Day after Emergence. Insects 2019, 10, 364. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100364
Guo J-W, Li P, Zhang J, Liu X-D, Zhai B-P, Hu G. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Moths Decide to Migrate when Suffering Nutrient Shortage on the First Day after Emergence. Insects. 2019; 10(10):364. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100364
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Jia-Wen, Ping Li, Jie Zhang, Xiang-Dong Liu, Bao-Ping Zhai, and Gao Hu. 2019. "Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Moths Decide to Migrate when Suffering Nutrient Shortage on the First Day after Emergence" Insects 10, no. 10: 364. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100364