Sub-Lethal Doses of Clothianidin Inhibit the Conditioning and Biosensory Abilities of the Western Honeybee Apis mellifera
1
Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
2
Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse 2, D-35394 Giessen, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Insects 2019, 10(10), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100340
Received: 23 August 2019
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Revised: 16 September 2019
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Accepted: 8 October 2019
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Published: 11 October 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semiochemicals and Insect Behavior)
Insects play an important role in the stability of ecosystems by fulfilling key functions such as pollination and nutrient cycling, as well as acting as prey for amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The global decline of insects is therefore a cause for concern, and the role of chemical pesticides must be examined carefully. The lethal effects of insecticides are well understood, but sub-lethal concentrations have not been studied in sufficient detail. We therefore used the western honeybee Apis mellifera as a model to test the effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin on the movement, biosensory abilities and odor-dependent conditioning of insects, titrating from lethal to sub-lethal doses. Bees treated with sub-lethal doses showed no significant movement impairment compared to untreated control bees, but their ability to react to an aversive stimulus was inhibited. These results show that clothianidin is not only highly toxic to honeybees, but can, at lower doses, also disrupt the biosensory capabilities of survivors, probably reducing fitness at the individual level. In our study, sub-lethal doses of clothianidin altered the biosensory abilities of the honeybee; possible consequences at the colony level are discussed.
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Keywords:
insecticide; conditioning; neonicotinoid; APIS chamber; aversion test
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MDPI and ACS Style
Bartling, M.T.; Vilcinskas, A.; Lee, K.-Z. Sub-Lethal Doses of Clothianidin Inhibit the Conditioning and Biosensory Abilities of the Western Honeybee Apis mellifera. Insects 2019, 10, 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100340
AMA Style
Bartling MT, Vilcinskas A, Lee K-Z. Sub-Lethal Doses of Clothianidin Inhibit the Conditioning and Biosensory Abilities of the Western Honeybee Apis mellifera. Insects. 2019; 10(10):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100340
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartling, Merle T., Andreas Vilcinskas, and Kwang-Zin Lee. 2019. "Sub-Lethal Doses of Clothianidin Inhibit the Conditioning and Biosensory Abilities of the Western Honeybee Apis mellifera" Insects 10, no. 10: 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100340
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