Low Carotid Mean Flow Velocity: A Noninvasive Marker for Coronary Heart Disease—A Community-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Anthropometric and Biochemical Measurements
2.3. Ultrasonographic Measurements of Carotid Blood Flow
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Clinical Characteristics and Carotid Flow Parameters Between CHD and Non-CHD Subjects
3.2. Univariate and Multivariate Analyses for the Carotid Flow Parameters in Predicting the Presence of CHD
3.3. Right CCA MFV and Hypertension Jointly Predict the Presence of CHD
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ASCVDs | Atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases |
CHD | Coronary heart disease |
IMT | Intima-media thickness |
CA | Carotid artery |
CCA | Common carotid artery |
ICA | Internal carotid artery |
MFV | Mean flow velocity |
PSV | Peak flow velocity |
EDV | End diastolic flow velocity |
PI | Pulsatility index |
RI | Resistance index |
CAD | Coronary artery disease |
LDL-C | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
HDL-C | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
SBP | Systolic blood pressure |
DBP | Diastolic blood pressure |
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Variables | Non-CHD Controls (n = 3892) | CHD Patients (n = 165) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous variables | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Age (years) | 56.0 | 8.9 | 61.3 | 8.5 | <0.0001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.6 | 3.6 | 25.2 | 3.7 | 0.041 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 85.6 | 10.1 | 88.6 | 9.8 | 0.0002 |
HIP (cm) | 96.5 | 7.2 | 96.9 | 6.7 | 0.44 |
Waist-to-hip ratio (%) | 88.6 | 7.1 | 91.3 | 6.4 | <0.0001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 126.5 | 18.7 | 127.6 | 17.1 | 0.46 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.3 | 12.6 | 75.5 | 11.4 | 0.38 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 204.8 | 38.6 | 184.1 | 39.3 | <0.0001 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 121.4 | 32.5 | 104.9 | 31.5 | <0.0001 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 55.7 | 15.0 | 51.4 | 15.5 | 0.0004 |
Log (Trigelyceride) | 4.6 | 0.6 | 4.7 | 0.6 | 0.11 |
Categorical variables | n | % | n | % | |
Female | 2523 | 64.8 | 86 | 52.1 | 0.0008 |
Hypertension | 922 | 23.7 | 93 | 56.4 | <0.0001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 1124 | 28.9 | 82 | 49.7 | <0.0001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 417 | 10.7 | 39 | 23.6 | <0.0001 |
Cigarette smoking | 827 | 21.3 | 52 | 31.5 | 0.0019 |
Alcohol drinking | 498 | 12.8 | 28 | 17.0 | 0.12 |
Variables | Non-CHD Controls (n = 3892) | CHD Patients (n = 165) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Right CCA | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
PSV (cm/s) | 86.2 | 20.2 | 79.6 | 19.4 | <0.0001 |
EDV (cm/s) | 23.4 | 6.4 | 20.1 | 6.4 | <0.0001 |
MFV (cm/s) | 40.7 | 9.2 | 35.8 | 9.2 | <0.0001 |
RI | 0.73 | 0.06 | 0.75 | 0.06 | <0.0001 |
PI | 1.57 | 0.36 | 1.70 | 0.39 | <0.0001 |
Left CCA | |||||
PSV (cm/s) | 85.6 | 19.0 | 80.9 | 19.0 | 0.002 |
EDV (cm/s) | 24.5 | 6.5 | 21.6 | 7.0 | <0.0001 |
MFV (cm/s) | 41.6 | 9.2 | 37.8 | 9.7 | <0.0001 |
RI | 0.71 | 0.06 | 0.73 | 0.06 | <0.0001 |
PI | 1.49 | 0.34 | 1.61 | 0.37 | <0.0001 |
Average of right and left CCA | |||||
PSV (cm/s) | 85.9 | 18.3 | 80.2 | 18.2 | 0.0001 |
EDV (cm/s) | 23.9 | 5.9 | 20.8 | 6.3 | <0.0001 |
MFV (cm/s) | 41.1 | 8.5 | 36.8 | 8.9 | <0.0001 |
RI | 0.71 | 0.06 | 0.73 | 0.06 | <0.0001 |
PI | 1.53 | 0.32 | 1.66 | 0.35 | <0.0001 |
Univariable | Multivariable Adjusted 1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95% CI) | p | OR | (95% CI) | p | |
Right CCA | ||||||
PSV (per 5 cm/s) | 0.92 | (0.88–0.95) | <0.0001 | 0.96 | (0.92–1.01) | 0.094 |
EDV (per 5 cm/s) | 0.64 | (0.56–0.73) | <0.0001 | 0.82 | (0.70–0.95) | 0.011 |
MFV (per 5 cm/s) | 0.73 | (0.67–0.80) | <0.0001 | 0.85 | (0.77–0.95) | 0.0038 |
RI (per 0.1) | 1.94 | (1.46–2.57) | <0.0001 | 1.32 | (0.97–1.78) | 0.073 |
PI (per 1.0) | 2.22 | (1.55–3.19) | <0.0001 | 1.50 | (0.98–2.29) | 0.065 |
Left CCA | ||||||
PSV (per 5 cm/s) | 0.93 | (0.90–0.98) | 0.0019 | 0.98 | (0.93–1.02) | 0.35 |
EDV (per 5 cm/s) | 0.69 | (0.60–0.78) | <0.0001 | 0.86 | (0.74–0.99) | 0.037 |
MFV (per 5 cm/s) | 0.79 | (0.72–0.86) | <0.0001 | 0.91 | (0.82–1.01) | 0.069 |
RI (per 0.1) | 2.01 | (1.53–2.65) | <0.0001 | 1.41 | (1.04–1.90) | 0.027 |
PI (per 1.0) | 2.14 | (1.49–3.06) | <0.0001 | 1.60 | (1.03–2.50) | 0.037 |
Average of right and left CCA | ||||||
PSV (per 5 cm/s) | 0.91 | (0.87–0.96) | <0.0001 | 0.97 | (0.92–1.01) | 0.15 |
EDV (per 5 cm/s) | 0.62 | (0.54–0.71) | <0.0001 | 0.81 | (0.68–0.95) | 0.011 |
MFV (per 5 cm/s) | 0.73 | (0.66–0.80) | <0.0001 | 0.86 | (0.77–0.97) | 0.0098 |
RI (per 0.1) | 2.23 | (1.65–3.01) | <0.0001 | 1.46 | (1.04–2.04) | 0.027 |
PI (per 1.0) | 2.64 | (1.73–3.97) | <0.0001 | 1.72 | (1.05–2.83) | 0.032 |
CHD Cases | Model 1 1 | Model 2 1 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | No. | % | OR | (95% CI) | p | OR | (95% CI) | p | ||
Hypertension | ||||||||||
No | 3042 | 72 | 2.4 | 1.00 | - | |||||
Yes | 1015 | 93 | 9.2 | 2.84 | (1.95–4.13) | <0.0001 | - | |||
Right CCA MFV (cm/s) | ||||||||||
≥44.2 | 1350 | 30 | 2.2 | 1.00 | - | |||||
36.0~44.1 | 1365 | 40 | 2.9 | 1.06 | (0.65–1.74) | 0.81 | - | |||
<36.0 | 1342 | 95 | 7.1 | 1.79 | (1.13–2.84) | 0.013 | - | |||
Hypertension | MFV (cm/s) | |||||||||
No | ≥44.2 | 1152 | 20 | 1.7 | - | 1.00 | ||||
No | 36.0~44.1 | 1061 | 23 | 2.2 | - | 1.13 | (0.61–2.08) | 0.71 | ||
No | <36.0 | 829 | 29 | 3.5 | - | 1.63 | (0.89–2.98) | 0.11 | ||
Yes | ≥44.2 | 198 | 10 | 5.1 | - | 2.47 | (1.10–5.56) | 0.029 | ||
Yes | 36.0~44.1 | 304 | 17 | 5.6 | - | 2.46 | (1.20–5.03) | 0.014 | ||
Yes | <36.0 | 513 | 66 | 12.9 | - | 4.79 | (2.63–8.72) | <0.0001 |
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Wu, L.-C.; Chou, C.-L.; Wu, S.-H.; Wu, T.-W.; Lan, W.-R.; Cheng, C.-F.; Lu, S.-X.; Wu, Y.-J.; Wang, L.-Y. Low Carotid Mean Flow Velocity: A Noninvasive Marker for Coronary Heart Disease—A Community-Based Study. Diagnostics 2025, 15, 1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15081005
Wu L-C, Chou C-L, Wu S-H, Wu T-W, Lan W-R, Cheng C-F, Lu S-X, Wu Y-J, Wang L-Y. Low Carotid Mean Flow Velocity: A Noninvasive Marker for Coronary Heart Disease—A Community-Based Study. Diagnostics. 2025; 15(8):1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15081005
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Li-Chih, Chao-Liang Chou, Shu-Hao Wu, Tzu-Wei Wu, Wei-Ren Lan, Chun-Fang Cheng, Shu-Xin Lu, Yih-Jer Wu, and Li-Yu Wang. 2025. "Low Carotid Mean Flow Velocity: A Noninvasive Marker for Coronary Heart Disease—A Community-Based Study" Diagnostics 15, no. 8: 1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15081005
APA StyleWu, L.-C., Chou, C.-L., Wu, S.-H., Wu, T.-W., Lan, W.-R., Cheng, C.-F., Lu, S.-X., Wu, Y.-J., & Wang, L.-Y. (2025). Low Carotid Mean Flow Velocity: A Noninvasive Marker for Coronary Heart Disease—A Community-Based Study. Diagnostics, 15(8), 1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15081005