Efficacy of the Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score (GTOS) in Predicting Mortality in Trauma Patients: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Patient Enrollment and Study Design
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Enrollment of the Patients
3.2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients Stratified by Outcomes
3.3. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Mortality
3.4. The Optimal Cut-Off Value of Independent Risk FACTORS in Predicting Mortality
3.5. Comparative Demographics and Outcomes Based on Grouping by the GTOS
3.6. Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of High and Low GTOS Score Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Davidson, G.H.; Hamlat, C.A.; Rivara, F.P.; Koepsell, T.D.; Jurkovich, G.J.; Arbabi, S. Long-term survival of adult trauma patients. JAMA 2011, 305, 1001–1007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knaus, W.A.; Draper, E.A.; Wagner, D.P.; Zimmerman, J.E. APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system. Crit. Care Med. 1985, 13, 818–829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le Gall, J.R.; Lemeshow, S.; Saulnier, F. A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA 1993, 270, 2957–2963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lemeshow, S.; Teres, D.; Klar, J.; Avrunin, J.S.; Gehlbach, S.H.; Rapoport, J. Mortality Probability Models (MPM II) based on an international cohort of intensive care unit patients. JAMA 1993, 270, 2478–2486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vincent, J.L.; Moreno, R.; Takala, J.; Willatts, S.; De Mendonça, A.; Bruining, H.; Reinhart, C.K.; Suter, P.M.; Thijs, L.G. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 1996, 22, 707–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsai, C.-H.; Liu, H.-T.; Hsieh, T.-M.; Huang, C.-Y.; Chou, S.-E.; Su, W.-T.; Li, C.; Hsu, S.-Y.; Hsieh, C.-H. Change of neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio to stratify the mortality risk of adult patients with trauma in the intensive care units. Formos. J. Surg. 2022, 55, 177–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tran, A.; Matar, M.; Lampron, J.; Steyerberg, E.; Taljaard, M.; Vaillancourt, C. Early identification of patients requiring massive transfusion, embolization or hemostatic surgery for traumatic hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 2018, 84, 505–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rainer, T.H.; Ho, A.M.; Yeung, J.H.; Cheung, N.K.; Wong, R.S.; Tang, N.; Ng, S.K.; Wong, G.K.; Lai, P.B.; Graham, C.A. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation 2011, 82, 724–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rehn, M.; Perel, P.; Blackhall, K.; Lossius, H.M. Prognostic models for the early care of trauma patients: A systematic review. Scand. J. Trauma. Resusc. Emerg. Med. 2011, 19, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ahl, R.; Phelan, H.A.; Dogan, S.; Cao, Y.; Cook, A.C.; Mohseni, S. Predicting In-Hospital and 1-Year Mortality in Geriatric Trauma Patients Using Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2017, 224, 264–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ravindranath, S.; Ho, K.M.; Rao, S.; Nasim, S.; Burrell, M. Validation of the geriatric trauma outcome scores in predicting outcomes of elderly trauma patients. Injury 2021, 52, 154–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scherer, J.; Kalbas, Y.; Ziegenhain, F.; Neuhaus, V.; Lefering, R.; Teuben, M.; Sprengel, K.; Pape, H.C.; Jensen, K.O. The GERtality Score: The Development of a Simple Tool to Help Predict in-Hospital Mortality in Geriatric Trauma Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, F.Z.; Wolf, S.E.; Nakonezny, P.A.; Minhajuddin, A.; Rhodes, R.L.; Paulk, M.E.; Phelan, H.A. Estimating Geriatric Mortality after Injury Using Age, Injury Severity, and Performance of a Transfusion: The Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score. J. Palliat. Med. 2015, 18, 677–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhuang, Y.; Feng, Q.; Tang, H.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z.; Bai, X. Predictive Value of the Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score in Older Patients After Trauma: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2022, 15, 4379–4390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cook, A.C.; Joseph, B.; Inaba, K.; Nakonezny, P.A.; Bruns, B.R.; Kerby, J.D.; Brasel, K.J.; Wolf, S.E.; Cuschieri, J.; Paulk, M.E.; et al. Multicenter external validation of the Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score: A study by the Prognostic Assessment of Life and Limitations After Trauma in the Elderly (PALLIATE) consortium. J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 2016, 80, 204–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arslan Erduhan, M.; Doğan, H.; Ilhan, B. Relationships of the frailty index and geriatric trauma outcome score with mortality in geriatric trauma patients. Ulus. Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2023, 29, 486–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meagher, A.D.; Lin, A.; Mandell, S.P.; Bulger, E.; Newgard, C. A Comparison of Scoring Systems for Predicting Short- and Long-term Survival After Trauma in Older Adults. Acad. Emerg. Med. 2019, 26, 621–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Madni, T.D.; Ekeh, A.P.; Brakenridge, S.C.; Brasel, K.J.; Joseph, B.; Inaba, K.; Bruns, B.R.; Kerby, J.D.; Cuschieri, J.; Mohler, M.J.; et al. A comparison of prognosis calculators for geriatric trauma: A Prognostic Assessment of Life and Limitations After Trauma in the Elderly consortium study. J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 2017, 83, 90–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chow, J.; Kuza, C.M. Predicting mortality in elderly trauma patients: A review of the current literature. Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol. 2022, 35, 160–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.; Lee, Y. Predicting Mortality of Korean Geriatric Trauma Patients: A Comparison between Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score and Trauma and Injury Severity Score. Yonsei Med. J. 2022, 63, 88–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.Y.; Qin, Y.M.; Tian, S.F.; Zhou, J.H.; Wu, Q.; Gao, W.; Bai, X.; Li, Z.; Xie, W.M. Performance of trauma scoring systems in predicting mortality in geriatric trauma patients: Comparison of the ISS, TRISS, and GTOS based on a systemic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Trauma. Emerg. Surg. 2024, 50, 1453–1465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, S.C.; Rau, C.S.; Kuo, P.J.; Liu, H.T.; Hsu, S.Y.; Hsieh, C.H. Significance of Blood Transfusion Units in Determining the Probability of Mortality among Elderly Trauma Patients Based on the Geriatric Trauma Outcome Scoring System: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Based on Trauma Registered Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2018, 15, 2285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ross, S.W.; Adeyemi, F.M.; Zhou, M.; Minhajuddin, A.T.; Porembka, M.R.; Cripps, M.W.; Phelan, H.A. One-year mortality in geriatric trauma patients: Improving upon the geriatric trauma outcomes score utilizing the social security death index. J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 2019, 87, 1148–1155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morris, R.S.; Milia, D.; Glover, J.; Napolitano, L.M.; Chen, B.; Lindemann, E.; Hemmila, M.R.; Stein, D.; Kummerfeld, E.; Chipman, J.; et al. Predictors of elderly mortality after trauma: A novel outcome score. J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 2020, 88, 416–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barea-Mendoza, J.A.; Chico-Fernández, M.; Sánchez-Casado, M.; Molina-Díaz, I.; Quintana-Díaz, M.; Jiménez-Moragas, J.M.; Pérez-Bárcena, J.; Llompart-Pou, J.A. Predicting survival in geriatric trauma patients: A comparison between the TRISS methodology and the Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score. Cir. Esp. 2018, 96, 357–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minge, H.K.; Ravindranath, S. Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score (GTOS) in elderly patients with traumatic brain injury. Injury 2022, 53, 4169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mikhail, J.N.; Harris, Y.D.; Sorensen, V.J. Injury severity scoring: Influence of trauma surgeon involvement on accuracy. J. Trauma. Nurs. 2003, 10, 43–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.J. Injury severity scoring systems: A review of application to practice. Nurs. Crit. Care 2012, 17, 138–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, B.R. The injury scale—A valuable tool for forensic documentation of trauma. J. Clin. Forensic Med. 2005, 12, 21–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tohira, H.; Jacobs, I.; Mountain, D.; Gibson, N.; Yeo, A. Systematic review of predictive performance of injury severity scoring tools. Scand. J. Trauma. Resusc. Emerg. Med. 2012, 20, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calosevic, S.; Lovric, Z. Prognostic significance of specific injury patterns in casualties of traffic-related accidents. Injury 2015, 46 (Suppl. 6), S27–S30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aharonson-Daniel, L.; Giveon, A.; Stein, M.; Israel Trauma, G.; Peleg, K. Different AIS triplets: Different mortality predictions in identical ISS and NISS. J. Trauma. 2006, 61, 711–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fluss, R.; Faraggi, D.; Reiser, B. Estimation of the Youden Index and its associated cutoff point. Biom. J. 2005, 47, 458–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perkins, N.J.; Schisterman, E.F. The Youden Index and the optimal cut-point corrected for measurement error. Biom. J. 2005, 47, 428–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duron, V.P.; Monaghan, S.F.; Connolly, M.D.; Gregg, S.C.; Stephen, A.H.; Adams, C.A., Jr.; Cioffi, W.G.; Heffernan, D.S. Undiagnosed medical comorbidities in the uninsured: A significant predictor of mortality following trauma. J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 2012, 73, 1093–1098; discussion 1098–1099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, M.T.; Hui, X.; Hashmi, Z.G.; Dhiman, N.; Scott, V.K.; Efron, D.T.; Schneider, E.B.; Haider, A.H. Socioeconomic disparity in inpatient mortality after traumatic injury in adults. Surgery 2013, 154, 461–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiang, Y.T.; Lin, T.H.; Hu, R.H.; Lee, P.C.; Shih, H.C. Predicting factors for major trauma patient mortality analyzed from trauma registry system. Asian J. Surg. 2021, 44, 262–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, F.; Tang, B.; Hu, C.; Wang, B.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, L. The impact of frailty on posttraumatic outcomes in older trauma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg. 2020, 88, 546–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alqarni, A.G.; Gladman, J.R.F.; Obasi, A.A.; Ollivere, B. Does frailty status predict outcome in major trauma in older people? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2023, 52, afad073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rickard, F.; Ibitoye, S.; Deakin, H.; Walton, B.; Thompson, J.; Shipway, D.; Braude, P. The Clinical Frailty Scale predicts adverse outcome in older people admitted to a UK major trauma centre. Age Ageing 2021, 50, 891–897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lasithiotakis, K.; Kritsotakis, E.I.; Kokkinakis, S.; Petra, G.; Paterakis, K.; Karali, G.A.; Malikides, V.; Anastasiadis, C.S.; Zoras, O.; Drakos, N.; et al. The Hellenic Emergency Laparotomy Study (HELAS): A Prospective Multicentre Study on the Outcomes of Emergency Laparotomy in Greece. World J. Surg. 2023, 47, 130–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Egglestone, R.; Sparkes, D.; Dushianthan, A. Prediction of mortality in critically-ill elderly trauma patients: A single centre retrospective observational study and comparison of the performance of trauma scores. Scand. J. Trauma. Resusc. Emerg. Med. 2020, 28, 95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, M.; Hayward, R.D.; Edhayan, E. Associations between cardiovascular comorbidities and mortality, length of hospital stay, and total charges among traumatic injury patients. Eur. J. Trauma. Emerg. Surg. 2021, 47, 861–867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Elkbuli, A.; Yaras, R.; Elghoroury, A.; Boneva, D.; Hai, S.; McKenney, M. Comorbidities in Trauma Injury Severity Scoring System: Refining Current Trauma Scoring System. Am. Surg. 2019, 85, 59–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rajaei, M.; Bosarge, P.L.; Griffin, R.L.; McGwin, G.; Jansen, J.O.; Kerby, J.D. Impact of Glycemic Control on Risk of Mortality and Complications in Trauma Patients. Shock 2020, 54, 30–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spaetgens, B.; Brouns, S.H.A.; Linkens, A.; Poeze, M.; Ten Broeke, R.H.M.; Brüggemann, R.A.G.; Sipers, W.; Henry, R.M.A.; Hanssen, N.M.J. Associations between presence of diabetes, mortality and fracture type in individuals with a hip fracture. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pr. Pract. 2022, 192, 110084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merrell, L.A.; Esper, G.W.; Gibbons, K.; Ganta, A.; Egol, K.A.; Konda, S.R. Poorly controlled diabetes: Glycosylated hemoglobin (HA1c) levels >8% are the tipping point for significantly worse outcomes following hip fracture in the geriatric population. Injury 2023, 54, 110862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | Total n = 40,068 | Death n = 818 | Survival n = 39,250 | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | <0.001 | ||||
Male, n (%) | 21,761 (54.3) | 545 (66.6) | 21,216 (54.1) | 1.70 (1.47–1.97) | |
Female, n (%) | 18,307 (45.7) | 273 (33.4) | 18,034 (45.9) | 0.59 (0.51–0.68) | |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 54.2 ± 19.4 | 63.4 ± 19.0 | 54.0 ± 19.4 | - | <0.001 |
PRBC transfusion *, units (mean ± SD) | 0.4 ± 2.0 | 4.0 ± 7.5 | 0.3 ± 1.6 | - | <0.001 |
GTOS | 77.2 ± 29.3 | 132.8 ± 29.9 | 76.1 ± 28.1 | - | <0.001 |
Comorbidities | |||||
CVA, n (%) | 1620 (4.0) | 45 (5.5) | 1575 (4.0) | 1.39 (1.03–1.89) | 0.032 |
HTN, n (%) | 12,125 (30.5) | 332 (40.6) | 11,883 (30.3) | 1.57 (1.37–1.81) | <0.001 |
CAD, n (%) | 1655 (4.1) | 87 (10.6) | 1568 (4.0) | 2.86 (2.28–3.59) | <0.001 |
CHF, n (%) | 271 (0.7) | 14 (1.7) | 257 (0.7) | 2.64 (1.54–4.55) | <0.001 |
DM, n (%) | 6678 (16.7) | 180 (22.0) | 6498 (16.6) | 1.42 (1.20–1.68) | <0.001 |
ESRD, n (%) | 800 (2.0) | 67 (8.2) | 733 (1.9) | 4.69 (3.61–6.08) | <0.001 |
GCS, median (IQR) | 15 (15–15) | 6 (3–15) | 15 (15–15) | - | <0.001 |
3–8, n (%) | 1528 (3.8) | 487 (59.5) | 1041 (2.7) | 54.00 (46.36–62.91) | |
9–12, n (%) | 1179 (2.9) | 69 (8.4) | 1110 (2.8) | 3.17 (2.46–4.08) | |
13–15, n (%) | 37,361 (93.2) | 262 (32.0) | 37,099 (94.5) | 0.03 (0.02–0.03) | |
AIS ≥ 2 | |||||
Hand/Neck, n (%) | 7326 (18.3) | 632 (77.3) | 6694 (17.1) | 16.53 (14.00–19.50) | <0.001 |
Face, n (%) | 3628 (9.1) | 95 (11.6) | 3533 (9.0) | 1.33 (1.07–1.65) | 0.010 |
Thorax, n (%) | 4414 (11.0) | 201 (24.6) | 4213 (10.7) | 2.71 (2.30–3.19) | <0.001 |
Abdomen, n (%) | 2166 (5.4) | 92 (11.2) | 2074 (5.3) | 2.27 (1.82–2.83) | <0.001 |
Extremity, n (%) | 26,996 (67.4) | 302 (36.9) | 26,694 (68.0) | 0.28 (0.24–0.32) | <0.001 |
ISS, median (IQR) | 8 (4–9) | 25 (16–29) | 8 (4–9) | - | <0.001 |
1–15, n (%) | 33,818 (84.4) | 152 (18.6) | 33,666 (85.8) | 0.04 (0.03–0.05) | |
16–24, n (%) | 4436 (11.1) | 162 (19.8) | 4274 (10.9) | 2.02 (1.70–2.41) | |
≥25, n (%) | 1814 (4.5) | 504 (61.6) | 1310 (3.3) | 46.49 (39.96–54.08) | |
Hospital stay (days) | 8.8 ± 9.8 | 11.0 ± 15.8 | 8.7 ± 9.7 | - | <0.001 |
Mortality | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Male | 1.70 | (1.47–1.97) | <0.001 | 1.62 | (1.37–1.92) | <0.001 |
Age | 1.03 | (1.02–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.01 | (1.00–1.01) | 0.209 |
PRBC transfusion * | 1.25 | (1.23–1.27) | <0.001 | 1.06 | (1.04–1.08) | <0.001 |
GTOS | 1.76 | (1.71–1.80) | <0.001 | 1.37 | (1.32–1.51) | <0.001 |
CVA | 1.39 | (1.03–1.89) | 0.033 | 0.97 | (0.69–1.36) | 0.849 |
HTN | 1.57 | (1.37–1.81) | <0.001 | 0.97 | (0.80–1.17) | 0.747 |
CAD | 2.86 | (2.28–3.59) | <0.001 | 1.38 | (1.05–1.81) | 0.022 |
CHF | 2.64 | (1.54–4.55) | <0.001 | 1.73 | (0.94–3.17) | 0.077 |
DM | 1.42 | (1.20–1.68) | <0.001 | 1.00 | (0.81–1.22) | 0.973 |
ESRD | 4.69 | (3.61–6.08) | <0.001 | 4.47 | (3.30–6.06) | <0.001 |
ISS | 1.18 | (1.17–1.19) | <0.001 | 1.09 | (1.06–1.12) | <0.001 |
GTOS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
≥104.5 n = 7119 | <104.5 n = 32,949 | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Sex | <0.001 | |||
Male, n (%) | 3627 (50.9) | 18,134 (55.0) | 0.85 (0.81–0.89) | |
Female, n (%) | 3492 (49.1) | 14,815 (45.0) | 1.18 (1.12–1.24) | |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 72.1 ± 16.3 | 50.4 ± 17.8 | - | <0.001 |
PRBC transfusion *, units (mean ± SD) | 1.64 ± 4.1 | 0.1 ± 0.9 | - | <0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||
CVA, n (%) | 589 (8.4) | 1022 (3.1) | 2.87 (2.58–3.18) | <0.001 |
HTN, n (%) | 3710 (52.1) | 8505 (25.8) | 3.13 (2.97–3.30) | <0.001 |
CAD, n (%) | 659 (9.3) | 996 (3.0) | 3.27 (2.96–3.62) | <0.001 |
CHF, n (%) | 105 (1.5) | 166 (0.5) | 2.96 (2.31–3.78) | <0.001 |
DM, n (%) | 1853 (26.0) | 4825 (14.6) | 2.05 (1.93–2.18) | <0.001 |
ESRD, n (%) | 253 (3.6) | 547 (1.7) | 2.18 (1.88–2.54) | <0.001 |
GCS, median (IQR) | 15 (13–15) | 15 (15–15) | - | <0.001 |
3–8, n (%) | 1044 (14.7) | 484 (1.5) | 11.53 (10.31–12.88) | <0.001 |
9–12, n (%) | 545 (7.7) | 634 (1.9) | 4.23 (3.76–4.75) | <0.001 |
13–15, n (%) | 5530 (77.7) | 31,831 (96.6) | 0.12 (0.11–0.13) | <0.001 |
AIS ≥2 | ||||
Hand/Neck, n (%) | 3689 (51.8) | 3637 (11.0) | 8.67 (8.18–9.18) | <0.001 |
Face, n (%) | 768 (10.8) | 2860 (8.7) | 1.27 (1.17–1.38) | <0.001 |
Thorax, n (%) | 1651 (23.2) | 2763 (8.4) | 3.30 (3.08–3.53) | <0.001 |
Abdomen, n (%) | 721 (10.1) | 1445 (4.4) | 2.46 (2.24–2.70) | <0.001 |
Extremity, n (%) | 4227 (59.4) | 22,769 (69.1) | 0.65 (0.62–0.69) | <0.001 |
ISS, median (IQR) | 16 (9–24) | 4 (4–9) | - | <0.001 |
1–15, n (%) | 2936 (41.2) | 30,882 (93.7) | 0.05 (0.04–0.05) | <0.001 |
16–24, n (%) | 2502 (35.1) | 1934 (5.9) | 8.69 (8.13–9.29) | <0.001 |
≥25, n (%) | 1681 (23.6) | 133 (0.4) | 76.27 (63.78–91.21) | <0.001 |
Mortality, n (%) | 681 (9.6) | 137 (0.4) | 25.33 (21.05–30.50) | <0.001 |
AOR of mortality † | - | - | 2.86 (2.20–3.73) | <0.001 |
Hospital stay (days) | 14.0 ± 14.3 | 7.7 ± 8.1 | - | <0.001 |
Propensity Score-Matched Cohort | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GTOS | ||||||||
≥104.5 n = 3515 | <104.5 n = 3515 | OR (95% CI) | p | Standardized Difference | ||||
Male, n (%) | 1888 | (53.7) | 1885 | (53.6) | 1.00 | (0.91–1.10) | 0.943 | 0.20% |
Age, years | 66.1 | ±15.9 | 66.0 | ±15.7 | - | 0.924 | 0.20% | |
CVA, n (%) | 219 | (6.2) | 216 | (6.1) | 1.02 | (0.84–1.23) | 0.882 | 0.40% |
HTN, n (%) | 1604 | (45.6) | 1608 | (45.7) | 1.00 | (0.91–1.09) | 0.924 | 0.20% |
CAD, n (%) | 233 | (6.6) | 230 | (6.5) | 1.01 | (0.84–1.22) | 0.885 | 0.30% |
CHF, n (%) | 14 | (0.4) | 16 | (0.5) | 0.88 | (0.43–1.79) | 0.714 | 0.90% |
DM, n (%) | 884 | (25.1) | 887 | (25.2) | 1.00 | (0.89–1.11) | 0.934 | 0.20% |
ESRD, n (%) | 92 | (2.6) | 87 | (2.5) | 1.06 | (0.79–1.43) | 0.705 | 0.90% |
GCS | 15 | (15–15) | 15 | (15–15) | - | 0.875 | 0.40% | |
Outcomes: | ||||||||
Mortality, n (%) | 235 | (6.7) | 98 | (2.8) | 2.50 | (1.96–3.18) | <0.001 | - |
Hospital stay (days) | 14.8 | ±14.1 | 9.6 | ± 9.7 | - | <0.001 | - |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Huang, C.-Y.; Wu, S.-C.; Lin, T.-S.; Kuo, P.-J.; Yang, J.C.-S.; Hsu, S.-Y.; Hsieh, C.-H. Efficacy of the Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score (GTOS) in Predicting Mortality in Trauma Patients: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 2735. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14232735
Huang C-Y, Wu S-C, Lin T-S, Kuo P-J, Yang JC-S, Hsu S-Y, Hsieh C-H. Efficacy of the Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score (GTOS) in Predicting Mortality in Trauma Patients: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(23):2735. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14232735
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Ching-Ya, Shao-Chun Wu, Tsan-Shiun Lin, Pao-Jen Kuo, Johnson Chia-Shen Yang, Shiun-Yuan Hsu, and Ching-Hua Hsieh. 2024. "Efficacy of the Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score (GTOS) in Predicting Mortality in Trauma Patients: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study" Diagnostics 14, no. 23: 2735. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14232735
APA StyleHuang, C.-Y., Wu, S.-C., Lin, T.-S., Kuo, P.-J., Yang, J. C.-S., Hsu, S.-Y., & Hsieh, C.-H. (2024). Efficacy of the Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score (GTOS) in Predicting Mortality in Trauma Patients: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics, 14(23), 2735. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14232735