Mammaglobin-A Expression Is Highly Specific for Tumors Derived from the Breast, the Female Genital Tract, and the Salivary Gland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tissue Microarrays (TMAs)
2.2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
2.3. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Technical Issues
3.2. Mammaglobin-A in Normal Tissue
3.3. Mammaglobin-A in Neoplastic Tissues
3.4. Mammaglobin-A Expression, Tumor Phenotype, and Prognosis
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mammaglobin-A Immunostaining | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tumor Entity | on TMA (n) | Anal. (n) | Neg. (%) | Weak (%) | Mod. (%) | Str. (%) | |
Tumors of the skin | Pilomatricoma | 35 | 32 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Basal cell carcinoma | 88 | 83 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Benign nevus | 29 | 29 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin | 90 | 90 | 97.8 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Malignant melanoma | 48 | 45 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Merkel cell carcinoma | 46 | 41 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Tumors of the head and neck | Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx | 110 | 105 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Squamous cell carcinoma of the pharynx | 60 | 59 | 98.3 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (floor of the mouth) | 130 | 129 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland | 50 | 39 | 51.3 | 10.3 | 15.4 | 23.1 | |
Warthin tumor of the parotid gland | 104 | 98 | 99.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | |
Adenocarcinoma, NOS (papillary cystadenocarcinoma) | 14 | 13 | 53.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 46.2 | |
Salivary duct carcinoma | 15 | 11 | 81.8 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 9.1 | |
Acinic cell carcinoma of the salivary gland | 181 | 148 | 86.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 10.8 | |
Adenocarcinoma NOS of the salivary gland | 109 | 83 | 72.3 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 15.7 | |
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland | 180 | 114 | 89.5 | 7.9 | 0.0 | 2.6 | |
Basal cell adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland | 25 | 24 | 75.0 | 20.8 | 0.0 | 4.2 | |
Basal cell adenoma of the salivary gland | 101 | 91 | 82.4 | 9.9 | 5.5 | 2.2 | |
Epithelial–myoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary gland | 53 | 51 | 52.9 | 23.5 | 7.8 | 15.7 | |
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary gland | 343 | 259 | 66.4 | 9.7 | 6.9 | 17.0 | |
Myoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary gland | 21 | 20 | 85.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | |
Myoepithelioma of the salivary gland | 11 | 11 | 72.7 | 18.2 | 0.0 | 9.1 | |
Oncocytic carcinoma of the salivary gland | 12 | 12 | 75.0 | 16.7 | 0.0 | 8.3 | |
Polymorphous adenocarcinoma, low grade, of the salivary gland | 41 | 35 | 51.4 | 34.3 | 11.4 | 2.9 | |
Pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland | 53 | 36 | 55.6 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 16.7 | |
Tumors of the lung, pleura, and thymus | Adenocarcinoma of the lung | 246 | 176 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung | 130 | 69 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Small cell carcinoma of the lung | 20 | 16 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Mesothelioma, epithelioid | 39 | 28 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Mesothelioma, biphasic | 76 | 63 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Thymoma | 29 | 29 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Tumors of the female genital tract | Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina | 78 | 73 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva | 130 | 124 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix | 130 | 125 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma | 236 | 225 | 42.7 | 43.6 | 10.7 | 3.1 | |
Endometrial serous carcinoma | 82 | 73 | 79.5 | 17.8 | 0.0 | 2.7 | |
Carcinosarcoma of the uterus | 48 | 46 | 76.1 | 21.7 | 0.0 | 2.2 | |
Endometrial carcinoma, high grade, G3 | 13 | 13 | 92.3 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Endometrial clear cell carcinoma | 8 | 8 | 75.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary | 110 | 93 | 57.0 | 25.8 | 6.5 | 10.8 | |
Serous carcinoma of the ovary, high grade | 559 | 479 | 86.6 | 13.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | |
Mucinous carcinoma of the ovary | 96 | 71 | 91.5 | 5.6 | 1.4 | 1.4 | |
Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary | 50 | 42 | 88.1 | 11.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Carcinosarcoma of the ovary | 47 | 42 | 92.9 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 0.0 | |
Brenner tumor | 9 | 9 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Tumors of the breast | Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type | 1391 | 1214 | 45.9 | 20.6 | 12.4 | 21.2 |
Lobular carcinoma of the breast | 294 | 260 | 30.4 | 21.2 | 8.8 | 39.6 | |
Medullary carcinoma of the breast | 26 | 24 | 70.8 | 12.5 | 8.3 | 8.3 | |
Tubular carcinoma of the breast | 27 | 20 | 15.0 | 35.0 | 15.0 | 35.0 | |
Mucinous carcinoma of the breast | 58 | 43 | 65.1 | 9.3 | 7.0 | 18.6 | |
Phyllodes tumor of the breast | 50 | 44 | 40.9 | 34.1 | 13.6 | 11.4 | |
Tumors of the digestive system | Adenomatous polyp, low-grade dysplasia | 50 | 50 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Adenomatous polyp, high-grade dysplasia | 50 | 49 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Adenocarcinoma of the colon | 1932 | 1808 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Gastric adenocarcinoma, diffuse type | 226 | 161 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Gastric adenocarcinoma, intestinal type | 224 | 167 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Gastric adenocarcinoma, mixed type | 62 | 56 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus | 133 | 82 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus | 124 | 71 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal | 91 | 85 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Cholangiocarcinoma | 50 | 49 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | 50 | 50 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas | 662 | 593 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Pancreatic/ampullary adenocarcinoma | 119 | 86 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas | 14 | 13 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) | 50 | 49 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Tumors of the urinary system | Non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, pTa G2 low grade | 177 | 141 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, pTa G2 high grade | 141 | 117 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, pTa G3 | 187 | 113 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Urothelial carcinoma, pT2-4 G3 | 1207 | 825 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder | 18 | 18 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma | 25 | 21 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma | 858 | 824 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Papillary renal cell carcinoma | 255 | 232 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Clear cell (tubulo) papillary renal cell carcinoma | 21 | 20 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma | 131 | 122 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Oncocytoma | 177 | 162 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Tumors of the male genital organs | Adenocarcinoma of the prostate, Gleason 3 + 3 | 83 | 83 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate, Gleason 4 + 4 | 80 | 80 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate, Gleason 5 + 5 | 85 | 85 | 98.8 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | |
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate (recurrence) | 261 | 254 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate | 17 | 15 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Seminoma | 621 | 611 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Embryonal carcinoma of the testis | 50 | 44 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Yolk sac tumor | 50 | 43 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Teratoma | 50 | 38 | 97.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 | |
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis | 80 | 79 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Tumors of endocrine organs | Adenoma of the thyroid gland | 50 | 47 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Papillary thyroid carcinoma | 50 | 48 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Follicular thyroid carcinoma | 49 | 49 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Medullary thyroid carcinoma | 50 | 46 | 82.6 | 13.0 | 4.3 | 0.0 | |
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma | 26 | 24 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Adrenal cortical adenoma | 50 | 44 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Adrenal cortical carcinoma | 26 | 25 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Phaeochromocytoma | 50 | 48 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Pancreas, neuroendocrine tumor (NET) | 46 | 42 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Pancreas, neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) | 3 | 3 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues | Hodgkin lymphoma | 103 | 100 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 62 | 61 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Small lymphocytic lymphoma, B-cell type (B-SLL/B-CLL) | 50 | 50 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) | 114 | 114 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Follicular lymphoma | 88 | 88 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 24 | 24 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Mantle cell lymphoma | 18 | 18 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Marginal zone lymphoma | 16 | 16 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in the testis | 16 | 16 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Burkitt lymphoma | 5 | 3 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Tumors of soft tissue and bone | Tendosynovial giant cell tumor | 45 | 43 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Granular cell tumor | 53 | 43 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Leiomyoma | 50 | 47 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Leiomyosarcoma | 87 | 87 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Liposarcoma | 132 | 121 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) | 13 | 11 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Myofibrosarcoma | 26 | 26 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Angiosarcoma | 73 | 67 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Angiomyolipoma | 91 | 88 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans | 21 | 18 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Ganglioneuroma | 14 | 14 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Kaposi sarcoma | 8 | 5 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Neurofibroma | 117 | 116 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Sarcoma, not otherwise specified (NOS) | 75 | 71 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Paraganglioma | 41 | 41 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) | 23 | 16 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Rhabdomyosarcoma | 7 | 7 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Schwannoma | 121 | 118 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Synovial sarcoma | 12 | 11 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Osteosarcoma | 43 | 36 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Chondrosarcoma | 38 | 17 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Mammaglobin-A IHC | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Negative (%) | Weak (%) | Moderate (%) | Strong (%) | p | |||
Breast cancer of no special type (NST) | Tumor stage | pT1 | 601 | 44.3 | 21.5 | 14.1 | 20.1 | 0.1421 |
pT2 | 411 | 46.5 | 18.5 | 11.7 | 23.4 | |||
pT3–4 | 84 | 54.8 | 16.7 | 6.0 | 22.6 | |||
Grade | G1 | 176 | 37.5 | 21.6 | 13.6 | 27.3 | 0.0011 | |
G2 | 590 | 41.9 | 21.7 | 13.7 | 22.7 | |||
G3 | 372 | 54.3 | 19.4 | 10.8 | 15.6 | |||
Nodal stage | pN0 | 515 | 44.1 | 21.6 | 14.6 | 19.8 | 0.3017 | |
pN1 | 223 | 44.8 | 19.7 | 13.0 | 22.4 | |||
pN2 | 69 | 53.6 | 15.9 | 5.8 | 24.6 | |||
pN3 | 56 | 50.0 | 14.3 | 8.9 | 26.8 | |||
HER2 status | neg | 851 | 47.1 | 20.8 | 11.2 | 20.9 | 0.4501 | |
pos | 118 | 43.2 | 22.0 | 16.1 | 18.6 | |||
ER status | neg | 200 | 63.5 | 14.5 | 9.5 | 12.5 | <0.0001 | |
pos | 717 | 41.6 | 23.0 | 12.8 | 22.6 | |||
PR status | neg | 390 | 55.4 | 17.7 | 10.5 | 16.4 | <0.0001 | |
pos | 568 | 40.0 | 23.2 | 13.2 | 23.6 | |||
Triple negative | no | 756 | 41.7 | 22.6 | 13.4 | 22.4 | <0.0001 | |
yes | 134 | 75.4 | 10.4 | 5.2 | 9.0 | |||
Endometrioid endometrial cancers | Tumor stage | pT1 | 113 | 33.6 | 48.7 | 14.2 | 3.5 | 0.0198 |
pT2 | 24 | 50.0 | 37.5 | 12.5 | 0.0 | |||
pT3–4 | 35 | 48.6 | 51.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
pN0 | 50 | 36.0 | 56.0 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 0.0986 | ||
Nodal stage | pN+ | 30 | 63.3 | 33.3 | 3.3 | 0.0 | ||
Endometrioid ovarian cancer | Tumor stage | pT1 | 22 | 40.9 | 31.8 | 9.1 | 18.2 | 0.1686 |
pT2 | 4 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
pT3 | 5 | 80.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
Nodal stage | pN0 | 20 | 40.0 | 35.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 0.3835 | |
pN1 | 7 | 71.4 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 14.3 | |||
Serous ovarian cancers | Tumor stage | pT1 | 31 | 77.4 | 22.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
pT2 | 40 | 92.5 | 7.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
pT3 | 245 | 88.2 | 11.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
Nodal stage | pN0 | 78 | 83.3 | 16.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3767 | |
pN1 | 153 | 87.6 | 12.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
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Gorbokon, N.; Timm, P.; Dum, D.; Menz, A.; Büscheck, F.; Völkel, C.; Hinsch, A.; Lennartz, M.; Luebke, A.M.; Hube-Magg, C.; et al. Mammaglobin-A Expression Is Highly Specific for Tumors Derived from the Breast, the Female Genital Tract, and the Salivary Gland. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061202
Gorbokon N, Timm P, Dum D, Menz A, Büscheck F, Völkel C, Hinsch A, Lennartz M, Luebke AM, Hube-Magg C, et al. Mammaglobin-A Expression Is Highly Specific for Tumors Derived from the Breast, the Female Genital Tract, and the Salivary Gland. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(6):1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061202
Chicago/Turabian StyleGorbokon, Natalia, Patrick Timm, David Dum, Anne Menz, Franziska Büscheck, Cosima Völkel, Andrea Hinsch, Maximilian Lennartz, Andreas M Luebke, Claudia Hube-Magg, and et al. 2023. "Mammaglobin-A Expression Is Highly Specific for Tumors Derived from the Breast, the Female Genital Tract, and the Salivary Gland" Diagnostics 13, no. 6: 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061202