Electrochemical Creatinine (Bio)Sensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Renal Malfunction and Chronic Kidney Disorders

Saddique, Zohaib; Faheem, Muhammad; Habib, Amir; UlHasan, Iftikhar; Mujahid, Adnan; Afzal, Adeel

doi:10.3390/diagnostics13101737

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Electrochemical Creatinine (Bio)Sensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Renal Malfunction and Chronic Kidney Disorders

by

Zohaib Saddique

¹,

Muhammad Faheem

^2,3,

Amir Habib

^4,*

,

Iftikhar UlHasan

⁴

,

Adnan Mujahid

¹

and

Adeel Afzal

^1,*

¹

Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-I-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan

²

Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China

³

Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan

⁴

Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, P.O. Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Diagnostics 2023, 13(10), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13101737

Submission received: 19 March 2023 / Revised: 5 May 2023 / Accepted: 9 May 2023 / Published: 13 May 2023

(This article belongs to the Section Point-of-Care Diagnostics and Devices)

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Abstract

In the post-pandemic era, point-of-care (POC) diagnosis of diseases is an important research frontier. Modern portable electrochemical (bio)sensors enable the design of POC diagnostics for the identification of diseases and regular healthcare monitoring. Herein, we present a critical review of the electrochemical creatinine (bio)sensors. These sensors either make use of biological receptors such as enzymes or employ synthetic responsive materials, which provide a sensitive interface for creatinine-specific interactions. The characteristics of different receptors and electrochemical devices are discussed, along with their limitations. The major challenges in the development of affordable and deliverable creatinine diagnostics and the drawbacks of enzymatic and enzymeless electrochemical biosensors are elaborated, especially considering their analytical performance parameters. These revolutionary devices have potential biomedical applications ranging from early POC diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other kidney-related illnesses to routine monitoring of creatinine in elderly and at-risk humans.

Keywords: biosensors; creatinine; diagnostics; kidney failure; point-of-care

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MDPI and ACS Style

Saddique, Z.; Faheem, M.; Habib, A.; UlHasan, I.; Mujahid, A.; Afzal, A. Electrochemical Creatinine (Bio)Sensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Renal Malfunction and Chronic Kidney Disorders. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13101737

AMA Style

Saddique Z, Faheem M, Habib A, UlHasan I, Mujahid A, Afzal A. Electrochemical Creatinine (Bio)Sensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Renal Malfunction and Chronic Kidney Disorders. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(10):1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13101737

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saddique, Zohaib, Muhammad Faheem, Amir Habib, Iftikhar UlHasan, Adnan Mujahid, and Adeel Afzal. 2023. "Electrochemical Creatinine (Bio)Sensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Renal Malfunction and Chronic Kidney Disorders" Diagnostics 13, no. 10: 1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13101737

APA Style

Saddique, Z., Faheem, M., Habib, A., UlHasan, I., Mujahid, A., & Afzal, A. (2023). Electrochemical Creatinine (Bio)Sensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Renal Malfunction and Chronic Kidney Disorders. Diagnostics, 13(10), 1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13101737

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Electrochemical Creatinine (Bio)Sensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Renal Malfunction and Chronic Kidney Disorders

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