Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) in Diabetes Exacerbates Diabetogenic Effects on Hippocampal Microstructure, Neurogenesis and Cytokine Perturbation in Male Sprague Dawley Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical and Reagents
2.2. Ethical Clearance
2.3. Animal Husbandry
2.4. Experimental Design
2.5. Enzyme Linked Immunoassay of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Malondialdehyde (MDA)
2.6. Brian Tissue Preparation for Histology
2.7. Histology and Histomorphometry
2.8. Immunohistochemistry for Neurogenesis
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mortality
3.2. Body Weight
3.3. Blood Glucose Levels
3.4. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
3.5. Inflammatory Cytokines and MDA
3.6. Histopathology of the Hippocampus
3.6.1. Number of Neurons in Hippocampal Regions
3.6.2. Neuronal Nuclei Area in Hippocampal Regions
3.7. Immunohistochemistry for Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus Double Cortin and Ki67
3.8. Correlation of Histomorphology and Neurogenic Parameters
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diabetes Parameters | Neuronal Number | Neurogenic Markers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BW | FBG | NFBG | AUC | CA1N | CA3N | DGN | Ki67 | |
FBG | ||||||||
p value | 0.0001 * | |||||||
R value | −0.613 | |||||||
NFBG | ||||||||
p value | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | ||||||
R value | −0.648 | 0.761 | ||||||
AUC | ||||||||
p value | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | |||||
R value | −0.723 | 0.729 | 0.691 | |||||
CA1N | ||||||||
p value | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | ||||
R value | 0.716 | −0.808 | −0.706 | −0.762 | ||||
CA3N | ||||||||
p value | 0.011 * | 0.0001 * | 0.002 * | 0.004 * | 0.0001 * | |||
R value | 0.508 | −0.821 | −0.593 | −0.563 | 0.794 | |||
DGN | ||||||||
p value | 0.001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | ||
R value | 0.629 | −0.900 | −0.800 | −0.692 | 0.824 | 0.794 | ||
KI67 | ||||||||
p value | 0.038 * | 0.0001 * | 0.001 * | 0.006 * | 0.0001 * | 0.001 * | 0.0001 * | |
R value | 0.426 | −0.735 | −0.637 | −0.546 | 0.715 | 0.639 | 0.758 | |
DCX | ||||||||
p value | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * |
R value | 0.667 | −0.882 | −0.714 | −0.777 | 0.796 | 0.745 | 0.838 | 0.748 |
Diabetes Parameters | Neuronal Nuclei Area | Neurogenic Markers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BW | FBG | NFBG | AUC | CA1A | CA3A | DGA | Ki67 | |
CA1A | ||||||||
p value | 0.101 | 0.08 | 0.014 * | 0.245 | ||||
R value | −0.343 | 0.364 | 0.497 | 0.247 | ||||
CA3A | ||||||||
p value | 0.68 | 0.493 | 0.277 | 0.698 | 0.0001 * | |||
R value | −0.89 | −0.147 | 0.231 | −0.083 | 0.719 | |||
DGA | ||||||||
p value | 0.0001 * | 0.006 * | 0.0001 * | 0.012 * | 0.0001 * | 0.009 * | ||
R value | −0.717 | 0.546 | 0.706 | 0.505 | 0.696 | 0.52 | ||
KI67 | ||||||||
p value | 0.038 * | 0.0001 * | 0.001 * | 0.006 * | 0.296 | 0.526 | 0.047 * | |
R value | 0.426 | −0.735 | −0.637 | −0.546 | −0.222 | 0.136 | −0.409 | |
DCX | ||||||||
p value | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.19 | 0.208 | 0.035 * | 0.0001 * |
R value | 0.667 | −0.882 | −0.714 | −0.777 | −0.277 | 0.266 | −0.433 | 0.748 |
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Asouzu Johnson, J.; Ndou, R.; Mbajiorgu, E.F. Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) in Diabetes Exacerbates Diabetogenic Effects on Hippocampal Microstructure, Neurogenesis and Cytokine Perturbation in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040905
Asouzu Johnson J, Ndou R, Mbajiorgu EF. Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) in Diabetes Exacerbates Diabetogenic Effects on Hippocampal Microstructure, Neurogenesis and Cytokine Perturbation in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(4):905. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040905
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsouzu Johnson, Jaclyn, Robert Ndou, and Ejikeme Felix Mbajiorgu. 2022. "Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) in Diabetes Exacerbates Diabetogenic Effects on Hippocampal Microstructure, Neurogenesis and Cytokine Perturbation in Male Sprague Dawley Rats" Diagnostics 12, no. 4: 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040905