Prenatal Diagnosis of Clubfoot: Where Are We Now? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Selection
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Search
2.5. Data Collection Process
2.6. Data Items
2.7. Risk of Bias
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Quality of Evidence
3.4. Associated Pathologies
3.5. Diagnostic Procedure
3.6. Timing of Diagnosis
3.7. Ultrasound
3.8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
3.9. Karyotyping
3.10. Meta-Analysis Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author, Year | Country | Type of Study, Level of Evidence | Sample Size | Diagnosis | Accuracy (%) | Sex (F/M) | Diagnosis | Timing | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imaging | Genetic | ||||||||||
MRI (n) | US (n) | A (n) | Other (n) | ||||||||
Razavi, 2019 [1] | Germany | Retrospective Comparative Study, III | * | 84 | 51/84 60.7% | 29/55 (Sample size) | - | x | - | - | - |
Nemec, 2012 [2] | Austria, USA | Retrospective Study, III | - | 44 | - | - | X $ | x | - | - | - |
Farr, 2020 [7] | Austria | Retrospective Cohort Study, III | 104 | 56 | - | - | - | x | - | - | Mean: Week 20.5 ± 5.4 |
Ficara, 2019 [8] | UK | Prospective Comparative Study, II | 52,400 | 61 | - | - | - | x | - | - | T1 and T2 (60) T3 (1) |
Gat, 2016 [9] | Israel | Retrospective Study, III | 28 | 12 | - | - | x (14) | x | - | - | - |
Glotzbecker, 2010 [10] | USA | Retrospective Study, III | - | 107 of which: 83 survived | 67/83 80.7% | - | - | x | - | - | - |
Glotzbecker, 2013 [11] | USA | Prospective Study, I | - | 50 | 36/50 72.0% | - | - | x | - | - | - |
Hartge, 2012 [12] | Germany | Retrospective Study, III | 106, survived: 55 | 55 | 37/55 67.0% | - | - | x | - | - | - |
Lanna, 2020 [13] | Italy | Retrospective Cohort Study, III | 64 | 53 | 45/53 84.9% | - | - | x | X | - | T2 + T3 Follow-up or T3 only |
Lauson, 2010 [14] | Canada | Retrospective Study, III | - | 65 | 55/65 84.6% | - | - | x | x (41) | - | - |
Mahan, 2014 [15] | USA | Retrospective Study, III | - | 421 | - | - | x | - | - | - | |
Pullinger, 2014 [16] | UK | Retrospective Comparative Study, III | - | 74 of which: 37 found suitable for study | 30/37 81.0% | - | - | x | - | - | Between Weeks 18 and 20 |
Radler, 2011 [17] | Austria, USA | Retrospective Study, III | - | 92 | - | - | - | x | - | - | - |
Rosselli, 2015 [18] | Colombia | Descriptive, Retrospective Study, III | - | 61 | - | - | - | x | x (13) | - | T1 (8), T2 (38) T3 (14) |
Seravalli, 2014 [19] | Italy | Descriptive Analysis | 168 | - | - | - | - | x | - | - | - |
Servaes, 2010 [20] | USA | Prospective Study, I | 13 | - | - | - | X $ | x | - | - | Weeks 19–28 |
Sharma, 2011 [21] | UK | Retrospective Observational Study, III | 174 | - | - | - | - | x | - | - | Week 21 |
Sharon-Weiner, 2017 [22] | Israel | Retrospective Study, III | 109 (51 bilateral; 58 unilateral) of which: 91 survived | 91 | 65/91 71.4% | - | - | x | x | CVS | Weeks 14–16 or 21–24 |
Shi, 2018 [23] | China | Retrospective Study, III | 4080 | 51 | 49/51 96.1% | - | - | x | - | - | Weeks 12–14 |
Singer, 2020 [24] | Israel | Retrospective Cohort Study, III | 5750 | 269 | - | - | - | x | x (Karyotyping and CMA, 229) | - | Mean: Week 22.6 ± 5.5 |
Sucu, 2020 [25] | Turkey | Retrospective Cohort Study, III | 7680 | 138 | 126/138 91.3% (3FP in T1, 9FP in T2) | 43/83 (Diagnosis) | - | x | x (83) | - | T1 (10) and T2 (128) |
Syngelaki, 2019 [26] | UK | Retrospective Cohort Study, III | 101,793 | 89 | - | - | - | x | - | - | T1 (2), T2 (82), T3 (5) |
Viaris de le Segno, 2014 [27] | France | Retrospective Study, III | 90 | 90/90 100% | - | - | x | x (78) | - | Median: Week 23 |
Author, Year | Associated Pathology |
---|---|
Lauson, 2010 [14] | Developmental Delay, Symptomatic Epilepsy, Thin corpus callosum, Visual inattentiveness, Peroneal Nerve Palsy, Low weight gain, Mild facial asymmetry, Delayed bone age, Cleft Palate, Finger Camptodactyly, Unusual facies, Cerebral Palsy, Rett Syndrome, Hypotonia, Coarse facial features, Torticollis. |
Sharma, 2011 [21] | Brain, Heart, and Skeletal structural abnormalities, Hydramnios, Spina Bifida. |
Singer, 2020 [24] | Chromosomal Aberrations, Submicroscopic CNVs, Trisomies: 18, 21, Sex Chromosome Abdnormalities. |
Sucu, 2020 [25] | Trisomies: 13, 18, 21, Neural Tube Defect, Skeletal Dysplasia, Cardiac anomalies. |
Viaris de le Segno, 2014 [27] | 47, XY 1 18 (n = 4) 47, XX118 (n = 1) 46, XX der(8) t(8;11) (n = 1) Triploidy (n = 2) 46, XY inv(4) (n = 1) 47, XYY (n = 1) |
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Ruzzini, L.; De Salvatore, S.; Longo, U.G.; Marino, M.; Greco, A.; Piergentili, I.; Costici, P.F.; Denaro, V. Prenatal Diagnosis of Clubfoot: Where Are We Now? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122235
Ruzzini L, De Salvatore S, Longo UG, Marino M, Greco A, Piergentili I, Costici PF, Denaro V. Prenatal Diagnosis of Clubfoot: Where Are We Now? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(12):2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122235
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuzzini, Laura, Sergio De Salvatore, Umile Giuseppe Longo, Martina Marino, Alessandra Greco, Ilaria Piergentili, Pier Francesco Costici, and Vincenzo Denaro. 2021. "Prenatal Diagnosis of Clubfoot: Where Are We Now? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Diagnostics 11, no. 12: 2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122235
APA StyleRuzzini, L., De Salvatore, S., Longo, U. G., Marino, M., Greco, A., Piergentili, I., Costici, P. F., & Denaro, V. (2021). Prenatal Diagnosis of Clubfoot: Where Are We Now? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics, 11(12), 2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122235