Duodenal Pseudomelanosis: A Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Endoscopy Reason | Patient’s Gender | Patient’s Age | Patient’s History | Medications | Special Studies | Other Relevant Info | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cook D, Napthali K, 2020 [3] | Dysphagia | M | 83 | Chronic kidney disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus | Hydralazine, irbesartan, lercanidipine, and metoprolol | No | ||
Kudaravalli P et al., 2020 [4] | Gastrointestinal bleeding | F | 83 | Hypertension, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism, atrial fibrillation | Aspirin, furosemide, metoprolol, levothyroxine, and warfarin | Yes (not published) | ||
Jeung J et al., 2020 [5] | Early satiety, weight loss | F | 55 | Iron deficiency anemia | Ferrous sulfate | Prussian blue | Pigmentation not evident at endoscopy, Brunner gland cyst, active inflammation, erosion, gastric foveolar metaplasia, reactive mucin loss | |
Nakanishi Y et al., 2019 [6] | Possible Crohn’s disease | M | 72 | Proctocolectomy with end ileostomy, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, gout, arthritis | Not stated | Prussian blue | ||
Tang SJ et al., 2019 [7] | Not specified | Not stated | Not stated | Iron pill–induced mucositis | Iron supplementation | Prussian blue | Concomitant gastric pseudomelanosis | |
Sutaria A, Bhutani MS, 2018 [8] | Epigastric pain | F | 77 | Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism | Not stated | No | ||
Sunkara T et al., 2018 [9] | Determination of bleeding risk | F | 83 | Atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, chronic heart failure, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Rivaroxaban (discontinued) | No | Concomitant pseudomelanosis gastri | |
Shimamura Y et al., 2018 [10] | Gastrointestinal bleeding | M | 68 | Not stated | Not stated | Prussian blue | ||
Mundi I et al., 2017 [11] | Suspect celiac disease | M | 61 | Chronic renal failure | Not stated | Prussian blue | ||
Iwamuro M et al., 2017 [12] | Screening | M | 83 | Hypertension, chronic kidney disease, chronic heart failure, and chronic myeloid leukemia | Ferrous citrate, furosemide, spironolactone, tolvaptan, bisoprolol, nicorandil, warfarin, nilotinib, febuxostat, esomeprazole, digestive enzyme complex, ambroxol, carbocysteine, potassium L-aspartate | X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping | ||
Abdelwareth A et al., 2016 [13] | Dyspepsia | M | 73 | COPD, ischemic heart disease, Iron deficiency anaemia, colonic polyp | Esmoeprazole, ranitidine, atorvastain, losartan, inhalers, and ferrous sulfate | Prussian blue | ||
Coelho R et al., 2016 [14] | Dysphagia | F | 76 | Diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, iron deficiency anemia | Ferrous sulfate | Prussian blue | Schatzki’s ring | |
Kothadia JP et, 2016 [15] | Anemia, weight loss | M | 84 | Not stated | Not stated | Prussian blue | Duodenal polyp, duodenitis | |
Tsai YN et al., 2016 [1] | Acid reflux | M | 63 | Hypertension | Hydralazine | No | ||
Cochet AE et al., 2015 [16] | Diarrhea | M | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | No | Strongyloides stercoralis infection | |
Sathyamurthy A et al., 2015 [17] | Intractable nausea and vomiting | M | 55 | Coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease stage 4, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, iron deficiency anemia | Antihypertensives (not specified) | Prussian blue | ||
Siderits R et al., 2014 [18] | Abdominal pain | F | 80 | Hypertension | Hydralazine, laxatives (senna) | Prussian blue | ||
Kim SJ et al., 2013 [2] | 1 | Not specified | F | 73 | Diabetes mellitus, hypertension | Iron sulfide, antidiabetics, loop diuretics, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers (not specified) | Prussian blue | |
2 | Not specified | M | 71 | Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic renal failure | Iron sulfide, antidiabetics, calcium channel blockers, potassium binders (not specified) | Prussian blue | ||
3 | Not specified | F | 70 | Hypertension, chronic renal failure | Iron sulfide, loop diuretics, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta-blockers, statins (not specified) | Prussian blue | ||
4 | Not specified | F | 34 | Chronic renal failure | Iron sulfide, loop diuretics, statins, potassium binders (not specified) | Prussian blue | ||
5 | Not specified | F | 69 | Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic renal failure | Iron sulfide, antidiabetics, loop diuretics, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, potassium binders (not specified) | Prussian blue | ||
6 | Not specified | F | 55 | Hypertension, chronic renal failure | Iron sulfide, loop diuretics, statins (not specified) | Prussian blue | ||
Schuerle T et al., 2013 [19] | Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea | F | 54 | Diabetes mellitus type 2, end-stage renal disease, kidney transplant, hypertension, anaemia, hypothyroidism | Insulin, pantoprazole, hydralazine, losartan, diltiazem, paroxetine, thyroxine, atorvastatin, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | Fontana-Masson: positive; PAS: negative; Prussian blue: negative | ||
Jain SS et al., 2012 [20] | Epigastric pain | F | 48 | None | Proton pump inhibitor (not specified) | Prussian blue: positive; Fontana Masson: negative | ||
de Magalhães Costa MH et al., 2012 [21] | 1 | Melena, anemia | F | 66 | Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic renal failure | Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (not specified), furosemide, ferrous sulfate, folic acid and insulin | Fontana-Masson: positive (interpreted as iron) | |
2 | Acid reflux | F | 37 | Hypertensive nephropathy, renal transplantation | Furosemide, propranolol, hydralazine, ferrous sulfate | Not stated | ||
3 | Anemia | F | 70 | Diabetes, hypertension, chronic renal failure, nephrolitiasis, nephrectomy | Calcium channel blockers (not specified), propranolol, α-methyldopa, furosemide, glibenclamide | Not stated | ||
4 | Epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting | F | 30 | Diabetes, renal and pancreatic transplantation | Insulin, tracolimus, mycophenolate and corticosteroids (not specified) | Not stated | ||
Felipe-Silva A et al., 2011 [22] | Suspect upper gastrointestinal bleeding | F | 86 | Hypertension, ischemic strokes, left hemiplegia, central VII nerve palsy | Hydralazine, captopril, hydrochlorthiazide, aspirin | Prussian blue: negative; Fontana-Masson: negative | Distal esophagitis, gastritis and gastric angiodysplasia | |
Kakati B et al., 2011 [23] | Anemia | F | 65 | End-stage renal disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypothyroidism | Zolpidem, aspirin, clonidine, hydralazine, insulin, levothyroxine, and metoprolol | Not specified | ||
Yun L, 2010 [24] | Melena | F | 67 | End stage renal disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, anemia, hypothyroidism | Aspirin, clopidogrel, hydralazine, frusemide, benazepril, atorvastatin, ezetimibe, levothyroxine, and iron | No | ||
Monajemzadeh M et al., 2008 [25] | Abdominal discomfort | F | 8 | Polycystic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, endstage renal disease, kidney transplant | Hydralazine, clonidine, amilodipine, oral iron supplements, phenytoin | Prussian blue: positive; Fontana Masson: positive | ||
Giusto D, Jakate S, 2008 [26] | 1 | Not specified | F | 86 | Hypertension | Not specified | Prussian blue: positive | |
2 | Not specified | F | 65 | Hypertension, end stage renal disease | Not specified | Prussian blue: partial | ||
3 | Not specified | F | 63 | Hypertension, diabetes | Not specified | Prussian blue: partial | No evidence of mucosal pigmentation at endoscopy | |
4 | Not specified | F | 68 | Hypertension | Not specified | Prussian blue: partial | No evidence of mucosal pigmentation at endoscopy | |
5 | Not specified | M | 60 | Hypertension, end stage renal disease | Not specified | Prussian blue: negative | ||
6 | Not specified | F | 63 | Hypertension, diabetes | Not specified | Prussian blue: positive | No evidence of mucosal pigmentation at endoscopy | |
7 | Not specified | F | 66 | Hypertension, end stage renal disease, diabetes | Not specified | Prussian blue: partial | ||
8 | Not specified | M | 70 | Hypertension, end stage renal disease | Not specified | Prussian blue: partial | No evidence of mucosal pigmentation at endoscopy | |
9 | Not specified | F | 34 | Hypertension, end stage renal disease | Not specified | Prussian blue: partial | No evidence of mucosal pigmentation at endoscopy | |
10 | Not specified | M | 52 | Hypertension, end stage renal disease, diabetes | Not specified | Prussian blue: partial | ||
11 | Not specified | M | 59 | Hypertension, diabetes | Not specified | Prussian blue: negative | No evidence of mucosal pigmentation at endoscopy | |
12 | Not specified | F | 53 | Hypertension, end stage renal disease | Not specified | Prussian blue: partial | No evidence of mucosal pigmentation at endoscopy | |
13 | Not specified | M | 65 | Hypertension | Not specified | Prussian blue: partial | No evidence of mucosal pigmentation at endoscopy | |
14 | Not specified | M | 52 | Hypertension, end stage renal disease | Not specified | Prussian blue: negative | No evidence of mucosal pigmentation at endoscopy | |
15 | Not specified | F | 49 | Hypertension, end stage renal disease | Not specified | Prussian blue: partial | ||
16 | Not specified | F | 58 | Hypertension | Not specified | Prussian blue: positive | ||
17 | Not specified | F | 67 | Hypertension, end stage renal disease, diabetes | Not specified | Prussian blue: partial | No evidence of mucosal pigmentation at endoscopy | |
Cantu JA, Adler DG, 2005 [27] | Jaundice after cholecystectomy | M | 49 | Chronic renal insufficiency, hypertension | Hydralazine | Not stated |
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Lopez, G.; D’Ercole, M.; Ferrero, S.; Croci, G.A. Duodenal Pseudomelanosis: A Literature Review. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11111974
Lopez G, D’Ercole M, Ferrero S, Croci GA. Duodenal Pseudomelanosis: A Literature Review. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(11):1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11111974
Chicago/Turabian StyleLopez, Gianluca, Marianna D’Ercole, Stefano Ferrero, and Giorgio Alberto Croci. 2021. "Duodenal Pseudomelanosis: A Literature Review" Diagnostics 11, no. 11: 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11111974