Mitigating Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Human- and Climatically-Impacted World
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Toxin | Detection Method(s) * | CyanoHAB Genera |
---|---|---|
Aeruginosin | HPLC, MS | Microcystis, Planktothrix |
Anatoxin-a /Homoanatoxin-a | ELISA, HPLC, MS | Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Planktothrix, Raphidiopsis, Woronichinia |
Anatoxin-a(S) | AEIA, MS | Anabaena |
Aplysiatoxins | MS | Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Schizothrix |
beta-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) | ELISA, HPLC, MS | Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Calothrix, Cylindrospermopsis, Lyngbya, Microcystis, Nostoc, Nodularia, Planktothrix, Phormidium, Prochlorococcus, Scytonema, Synechococcus, Trichodesmium |
Cyanopeptolin | HPLC, MS | Anabaena, Microcystis, Planktothrix |
Cylindrospermopsin | ELISA, HPLC, MS | Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Oscillatoria, Raphidiopsis, Umezakia |
Jamaicamides | MS | Lyngbya |
Lyngbyatoxin | HPLC, MS | Lyngbya |
Microcystin | ELISA, HPLC, MS, PPIA | Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Aphanizomenon, Aphanocapsa, Cylindrospermopsis, Gloeotrichia, Hapalosiphon, Microcystis, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Planktothrix, Pseudoanabaena, Synechococcus, Woronochinia |
Nodularin | ELISA, HPLC, MS, PPIA | Nodularia |
Saxitoxin | ELISA, HPLC, MS | Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Planktothrix |
2. Cyanobacterial Bloom Taxa
3. Managing Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Human and Climatically-Altered World
3.1. Nutrient Input Controls
3.2. Phosphorus Management
3.3. Nitrogen Management
3.4. Rationale for Dual Nutrient (N and P) Controls
4. The Interactions of Physical, Biological and Nutrient Controls of Cyanobacteria in a Climatically-Changing World
4.1. Climate Change: Its Role in Modulating CyanoHABs
4.2. The Role of Physical Factors
4.3. Non-Nutrient Chemical Controls
4.4. Manipulating Sediments
4.5. Biological Controls
5. Concluding Remarks and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Paerl, H.W. Mitigating Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Human- and Climatically-Impacted World. Life 2014, 4, 988-1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/life4040988
Paerl HW. Mitigating Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Human- and Climatically-Impacted World. Life. 2014; 4(4):988-1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/life4040988
Chicago/Turabian StylePaerl, Hans W. 2014. "Mitigating Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Human- and Climatically-Impacted World" Life 4, no. 4: 988-1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/life4040988