Canine Distemper Virus: Origins, Mutations, Diagnosis, and Epidemiology in Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results Overview: Insights into Canine Distemper Virus
3.1. Hypothesis on CDV’s Origin
3.2. Epidemiology of CDV in Mexico
3.3. Genomic Mutations of CDV
3.4. Advances in the Diagnosis of CDV
Diagnostic Method | Detection Method | Type of Diagnostic Method | Target | Notes on the Test | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDCK, MV1 Lu, cells Vero-SLAM B95a | Virus isolation | Cell culture | Virus | Gold-standard test, but currently infrequently used | [57] |
Direct ELISA | Antigen detection | Serological | CDV antigen | Detects antigen in serum | [58] |
Sandwich ELISA | Antigen detection | Serological | Protein H antigen | High specificity Detection and quantification | [59] |
Protein F antigen | Efficient in field application with fecal and serum samples | [60] | |||
Sandwich dot ELISA | Antigen detection | Serological | Virus | Rapid test, used in epidemiological surveillance | [61] |
LFA | Antigen detection | Serological | Protein F antigen | Rapid test | [62] |
Immunofluorescence | Detection of fluorescently labeled antibodies | Immunofluorescence | Protein F/H antigen | Laborious test, a fluorescence microscope is needed, highly sensitive and specific | [40] |
RT-PCR | RNA detection | Genomic | Gen N | Standard laboratory test, currently the most used | [63] |
One-step nested RT-PCR | Antigen detection | Genomic | Gen N | 100 times greater sensitivity than RT-PCR and nested PCR | [38] |
Double-step real-time RT-PCR | RNA detection | Genomic | Gen N | Highly sensitive and specific Quantify the viral load in clinical samples | [7] |
One-step real-time RT-PCR | RNA detection | Genomic | Gen N | Allows the study of viral replication and the kinetics of the viral load of viral RNA in infection | [64] |
RT-LAMP assay | RNA detection | Genomic | Gen H | 100 times more sensitive than RT-PCR Only 1 h of reaction | [65] |
RT-qPCR | RNA detection | Genomic | Protein M gene and MF intergenic region | Uses the TaqMan probe based on the CDV-N and P genes and is highly sensitive and specific compared to other tests | [66] |
RT-PCR-RFLP | RNA detection plus restriction enzymes | Genomic | N gene amplification plus BamHI Restriction enzyme (RE) digestion Gen N amplification plus enzyme digestion using MspI | It results in a different number of fragments in both strains | [67] |
ELISA | Detection of specific antibodies against the virus | Serological | Antibody IgG | Detect within 6 days of infection | [68] |
Dot blot assay | Detection of specific antibodies against the virus | Serological | N protein-specific IgM | Detect recent infections | [69] |
Capture sandwich ELISA | Detection of specific antibodies against the virus | Serological | N protein-specific IgG and IgM antibody | No cross-reactivity with other morbilliviruses | [70] |
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rivera-Martínez, A.; Rodríguez-Alarcón, C.A.; Adame-Gallegos, J.R.; Laredo-Tiscareño, S.V.; de Luna-Santillana, E.d.J.; Hernández-Triana, L.M.; Garza-Hernández, J.A. Canine Distemper Virus: Origins, Mutations, Diagnosis, and Epidemiology in Mexico. Life 2024, 14, 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14081002
Rivera-Martínez A, Rodríguez-Alarcón CA, Adame-Gallegos JR, Laredo-Tiscareño SV, de Luna-Santillana EdJ, Hernández-Triana LM, Garza-Hernández JA. Canine Distemper Virus: Origins, Mutations, Diagnosis, and Epidemiology in Mexico. Life. 2024; 14(8):1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14081002
Chicago/Turabian StyleRivera-Martínez, Alejandra, Carlos A. Rodríguez-Alarcón, Jaime R. Adame-Gallegos, S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño, Erick de Jesús de Luna-Santillana, Luis M. Hernández-Triana, and Javier A. Garza-Hernández. 2024. "Canine Distemper Virus: Origins, Mutations, Diagnosis, and Epidemiology in Mexico" Life 14, no. 8: 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14081002
APA StyleRivera-Martínez, A., Rodríguez-Alarcón, C. A., Adame-Gallegos, J. R., Laredo-Tiscareño, S. V., de Luna-Santillana, E. d. J., Hernández-Triana, L. M., & Garza-Hernández, J. A. (2024). Canine Distemper Virus: Origins, Mutations, Diagnosis, and Epidemiology in Mexico. Life, 14(8), 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14081002