An Eastern County from an European Eastern Country—The Characteristics of Cutaneous Microbiome in Psoriasis Patients—Preliminary Results
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Isolation and Identification of Microorganisms
2.2. Quality Control
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
- The psoriatic group represented 60.6% of the total number of participants, comprising 15 males and 5 females. The control group made up 39.4% of the participants, comprising 10 females and 3 males.
- The age of the participants was similar across both groups. The mean age in the psoriatic group was slightly higher than that of the control group, with a mean age of 53 in the psoriatic group and 46 in the control group.
- Regarding the living environment of the participants analysed in our study, participants living in urban environment represented the majority in both groups. A total of 55% of the psoriatic group lived in the city, and 45% in rural areas.
- PASI scores varied between 2 and 49, with a mean of 18.94. Male participants showed higher average scores than female participants, with a mean of 20.4 versus 14.5, respectively. In addition, the patients living in rural areas had higher PASI scores than those living in urban areas.
- Regarding the DLQI score, the mean score of the group was 15.5, ranging from 2 to 28. The score was higher for female patients, with a mean of 19.40 versus 14.20 for male individuals. Regarding living environments, those living in rural areas had higher scores than those living in the city.
- Swab sampling from psoriatic plaques was performed across nine different body zones. The most frequently sampled zones were dry zones, such as the elbows and anterior trunk.
- 7.
- Swabs from non-lesional body zones were collected from eight different body areas. The most frequent swabs were taken from moist zones, such as the axillary and laterocervical regions. Seventeen different species were present in the aerobic medium, and nine species were present in the anaerobic medium. The most frequent microorganisms were Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, as shown in Table 2.
- 8.
- In the control group, the majority of swab sampling was also performed in the axillary and laterocervical areas, and we found that there was less diversity regarding bacterial species in this group. Twelve bacterial species developed in the aerobic medium, and eight species on the anaerobic medium. The most frequent species were again Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, as shown in Table 3.
- 9.
- The preliminary analysis regarding the living environments of participants revealed higher diversity and heterogenicity in urban areas than in rural areas. The majority of the species identified in both groups were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In participants from an urban environment, our analysis showed the presence of Acinetobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp., which were not present in participants from a rural environment, as shown in Table 4.
- 10.
- Regarding the gender differences observed in the psoriatic group, as shown in Table 5, swab sampling from psoriatic plaques evidenced a greater number of species and greater diversity in male than in female participants. However, more thorough research on these differences is required, given the small number of participants in this study.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ACTIVE | CONTROL | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Gender | Male | 15 | 75.0% | 3 | 23.1% | 18 | 54.5% |
Female | 5 | 25.0% | 10 | 76.9% | 15 | 45.5% | |
Environment | Urban | 11 | 55.0% | 10 | 76.9% | 21 | 63.6% |
Rural | 9 | 45.0% | 3 | 23.1% | 12 | 36.4% | |
Total | 20 | 100.0% | 13 | 100.0% | 33 | 100.0% | |
Age | Mean | Std Error of Mean | Std Deviation | Min | Max | Mean | |
Active Group | 53.70 | 2786 | 12,461 | 21 | 73 | 53,50 | |
Control Group | 46.92 | 3661 | 13,200 | 27 | 72 | 47.00 | |
Total | 51.03 | 2262 | 12,994 | 21 | 73 | 51.00 |
Swab Sampling from Psoriatic Plaques | AEROBIC | ANAEROBIC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
Lack of growth | 1 | 5.0 | 2 | 10.0 |
Unidentified | 1 | 5.0 | 3 | 15.0 |
Acinetobacter spp. | 1 | 5.0 | ||
Bacillus subtilis | 2 | 10.0 | ||
Enterococcus faecium | 1 | 5.0 | ||
Micrococcus luteus | 1 | 5.0 | ||
Proteus mirabilis | 1 | 5.0 | 1 | 5.0 |
Pseudomonas luteola | 1 | 5.0 | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | 2 | 10.0 | 3 | 15.0 |
Staphylococcus capitis | 2 | 10.0 | 1 | 5.0 |
Staphylococcus cohnii | 1 | 5.0 | ||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 6 | 30.0 | 7 | 35,0 |
Staphylococcus haemolyticus | 2 | 10.0 | ||
Staphylococcus hominis | 6 | 30.0 | 4 | 20.0 |
Staphylococcus lugdunesis | 1 | 5.0 | ||
Staphylococcus warneri | 1 | 5.0 | ||
Total | 11 | 8 |
Swab Sampling | Aerobic | Anaerobic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Active Group | |||||
Lack of growth | - | 1 | 5.0 | ||
Unidentified | - | 2 | 10.0 | ||
Bacillus anthraci | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Bacillus methylotrophicus | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Bacillus siamensis | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Candida auris | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Corynebacterium aurimucosum | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Cutibacterium acnes | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Enterococcus avium | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Escherichia coli | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Exiguobacterium aurantiacum | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1 | 5.0 | 1 | 5.0 | |
Mycobacterium brisbanense | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Mycobacterium peregrinum | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Pseudomonas stutzeri | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Staphylococcus aureus | 3 | 15.0 | 3 | 15.0 | |
Staphylococcus agalactiae | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 6 | 30.0 | 8 | 40.0 | |
Staphylococcus haemolyticus | 3 | 15.0 | 1 | 5.0 | |
Staphylococcus hominis | 7 | 35.0 | 6 | 30.0 | |
Staphylococcus pasteuri | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Staphylococcus saccharolyticus | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Streptococcus agalactiae | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Streptococcus oralis | 1 | 5.0 | |||
Total species | 17 | 9 | |||
Control Group | |||||
Unidentified | 2 | 15.4 | |||
Aspergillus parasiticus | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Bacillus altitudinis | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Bacillus siamensis | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Bacillus sonorensis | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Bacillus pumilus | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Citrobacter freundii | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Corynebacterium amycolatum | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Enterococcus faecalis | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Enterococcus faecium | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Micrococcus luteus | 2 | 15.4 | |||
Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 3 | 23.1 | 4 | 30.8 | |
Staphylococcus haemolyticus | 2 | 15.4 | |||
Staphylococcus hominis | 4 | 30.8 | 2 | 15.4 | |
Staphylococcus lugdunensis | 1 | 7.7 | 2 | 15.4 | |
Staphylococcus warneri | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Serratia marcescens | 1 | 7.7 | |||
Total species | 12 | 8 |
Swab Sampling from Psoriatic Plaques | AEROBIC | ANAEROBIC | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Urban | |||||
Lack of growth | 1 | 9.1 | 1 | 9.1 | |
Unidentified | 3 | 27.3 | |||
Acinetobacter spp. | 1 | 9.1 | |||
Bacillus subtilis | 2 | 18.2 | |||
Enterococcus faecium | 1 | 9.1 | |||
Pseudomonas luteola | 1 | 9.1 | |||
Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | 9.1 | 2 | 18.2 | |
Staphylococcus capitis | 1 | 9.1 | 1 | 9.1 | |
Staphylococcus cohnii | 1 | 9.1 | |||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 3 | 27.3 | 4 | 36.4 | |
Staphylococcus haemolyticus | 1 | 9.1 | |||
Staphylococcus hominis | 3 | 27.3 | 1 | 9.1 | |
Staphylococcus warneri | 1 | 9.1 | |||
Total | 9 | 6 | |||
Rural | |||||
Lack of growth | 1 | 11.1 | |||
Unidentified | 1 | 11.1 | |||
Micrococcus luteus | 1 | 11.1 | |||
Proteus mirabilis | 1 | 11.1 | 1 | 11.1 | |
Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | 11.1 | 1 | 11.1 | |
Staphylococcus capitis | 1 | 11.1 | |||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 3 | 33.3 | 3 | 33.3 | |
Staphylococcus haemolyticus | 1 | 11.1 | |||
Staphylococcus hominis | 3 | 33.3 | 3 | 33.3 | |
Staphylococcus lugdunesis | 1 | 11.1 | |||
Total | 6 | 6 |
Swab Sampling from Psoriatic Plaques | AEROBIC | ANAEROBIC | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Male | |||||
Lack of growth | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | 6.7 | |
Unidentified | 1 | 6.7 | 2 | 13.3 | |
Acinetobacter spp. | 1 | 6.7 | |||
Bacillus subtilis | 1 | 6.7 | |||
Micrococcus luteus | 1 | 6.7 | |||
Proteus mirabilis | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | 6.7 | |
Pseudomonas luteola | 1 | 6.7 | |||
Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | 6.7 | |
Staphylococcus capitis | 2 | 13.4 | 1 | 6.7 | |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 5 | 33.5 | 5 | 33.5 | |
Staphylococcus haemolyticus | 2 | 13.4 | |||
Staphylococcus hominis | 5 | 33.5 | 4 | 26.8 | |
Staphylococcus lugdunesis | 1 | 6.7 | |||
Staphylococcus warneri | 1 | 6.7 | |||
Total species | 9 | 8 | |||
Female | |||||
Lack of growth | 1 | 20.0 | |||
Unidentified | 1 | 20.0 | |||
Bacillus subtilis | 1 | 20.0 | |||
Enterococcus faecium | 1 | 20.0 | |||
Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | 20.0 | 2 | 40.0 | |
Staphylococcus cohnii | 1 | 20.0 | |||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 1 | 20.0 | 2 | 40.0 | |
Staphylococcus hominis | 1 | 20.0 | |||
Total species | 6 | 2 |
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Radaschin, D.S.; Iancu, A.V.; Ionescu, A.M.; Gurau, G.; Niculet, E.; Bujoreanu, F.C.; Nastase, F.; Radaschin, T.; Popa, L.G.; Axente, R.E.; et al. An Eastern County from an European Eastern Country—The Characteristics of Cutaneous Microbiome in Psoriasis Patients—Preliminary Results. Life 2024, 14, 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060678
Radaschin DS, Iancu AV, Ionescu AM, Gurau G, Niculet E, Bujoreanu FC, Nastase F, Radaschin T, Popa LG, Axente RE, et al. An Eastern County from an European Eastern Country—The Characteristics of Cutaneous Microbiome in Psoriasis Patients—Preliminary Results. Life. 2024; 14(6):678. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060678
Chicago/Turabian StyleRadaschin, Diana Sabina, Alina Viorica Iancu, Alexandra Mariana Ionescu, Gabriela Gurau, Elena Niculet, Florin Ciprian Bujoreanu, Florentina Nastase, Teodora Radaschin, Liliana Gabriela Popa, Roxana Elena Axente, and et al. 2024. "An Eastern County from an European Eastern Country—The Characteristics of Cutaneous Microbiome in Psoriasis Patients—Preliminary Results" Life 14, no. 6: 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060678