Investigation of Euphorbia nivulia-HAM for Enzyme Inhibition Potential in Relation to the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Radical Scavenging Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Extraction Yield
2.2. Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content Estimation
2.3. Radical Scavenging Potential Estimation
2.3.1. Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibition Estimation
2.3.2. α-Glucosidase Inhibition Estimation
2.3.3. Urease Inhibition Estimation
2.3.4. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition Estimation
2.4. Chemicals and Equipment
2.5. Plant Material
2.6. Extraction and Fractionation
2.7. Total Phenolic Content Estimation
2.8. Total Flavonoid Content Estimation
2.9. Radical Scavenging Potential Estimation
2.10. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Estimation
2.11. Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibition Estimation
2.12. α-Glucosidase Inhibition Estimation
2.13. Urease Inhibition Estimation
2.14. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition Estimation
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Esser, H.-J.; Berry, P.E.; Riina, R. EuphORBia: A global inventory of the spurges. Blumea-Biodivers. Evol. Biogeogr. Plants 2009, 54, 11–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ernst, M.; Grace, O.M.; Saslis-Lagoudakis, C.H.; Nilsson, N.; Simonsen, H.T.; Rønsted, N. Global medicinal uses of Euphorbia L.(Euphorbiaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 176, 90–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Akhtar, M.F.; Parveen, A.; Hussain, A.; Mumtaz, M.Z.; Kamran, M.; Farooqi, M.A.; Ahmad, M. Exploring the potential of four medicinal plants for antioxidant enzymes activity, proximate and nutritional composition. Acta Bot. Hung. 2019, 61, 219–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahajan, R.T.; Badgujar, S.B. Bioprospecting of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-ham. Int. J. Phytopharm. 2011, 2, 37–42. [Google Scholar]
- Savithramma, N.; Sulochana, C.; Rao, K.N. Ethnobotanical survey of plants used to treat asthma in Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 113, 54–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khare, C.P. Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic, and Other Traditional Usage, Botany; Springer Science & Business Media: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2004; ISBN 3540010262. [Google Scholar]
- Rehman, A.H.; Al Sharari, S.D.; Ahmad, M.; Akhtar, M.; Khan, Y.; Ashraf, M.N. Evaluation of anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic activity of Euphorbia nivulia in PTZ-induced kindling model of epilepsy in mice. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2019, 32, 675–681. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Annapurna, J.; Chowdary, I.P.; Lalitha, G.; Ramakrishna, S.V.; Iyengar, D.S. Antimicrobial activity of Euphorbia nivulia leaf extract. Pharm. Biol. 2004, 42, 91–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ravikanth, V.; Reddy, V.L.N.; Reddy, A.V.; Ravinder, K.; Rao, T.P.; Ram, T.S.; Kumar, K.A.; Vamanarao, D.P.; Venkateswarlu, Y. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants 114, 1956. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 2003, 51, 431–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Radcliffe-Smith, A. Euphorbiaceae Flora of Pakistan (Last Modified on 6/3/2011), Tropicos. org. Missouri Bot. Gard. 2011. Available online: http//www.Trop.org/Name/12800166 (accessed on 20 January 2021).
- Patil, D.A. Flora of Dhule and Nandurbar Districts (Maharashtra); M/S Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh: Dehradun, India, 2003; ISBN 8121101646. [Google Scholar]
- Khare, C.P. Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; New York, NY, USA, 2007; pp. 671–678. [Google Scholar]
- Ballal, S.; Inamdar, S.R. An overview of lectin–glycan interactions: A key event in initiating fungal infection and pathogenesis. Arch. Microbiol. 2018, 200, 371–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Badgujar, S.B.; Mahajan, R.T. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Research. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2011, 1, 4–9. [Google Scholar]
- Mahajan, R.T.; Badgujar, S.B. Phytochemical investigations of some laticiferous plants belonging to Khandesh region of Maharashtra. Ethnobot. Leafl. 2008, 2008, 151. [Google Scholar]
- Badgujar, S.B. Proteolytic Enzymes of Some Latex Bearing Plants Belonging to Khandesh Region of Maharashtra. Ph.D. Thesis, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, MH, India, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Hopkins, A.L.; Groom, C.R. The druggable genome. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2002, 1, 727–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taslimi, P.; Caglayan, C.; Gulcin, İ. The impact of some natural phenolic compounds on carbonic anhydrase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and α-glycosidase enzymes: An antidiabetic, anticholinergic, and antiepileptic study. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2017, 31, e21995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cavdar, H.; Senturk, M.; Guney, M.; Durdagi, S.; Kayik, G.; Supuran, C.T.; Ekinci, D. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with uracil derivatives: Kinetic and computational studies. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2019, 34, 429–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moreira, F.T.C.; Sale, M.G.F.; Di Lorenzo, M. Towards timely Alzheimer diagnosis: A self-powered amperometric biosensor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017, 87, 607–614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cummings, J. Disease modification and Neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disorders. Transl. Neurodegener. 2017, 6, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeong, S. Molecular and cellular basis of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol. Cells 2017, 40, 613. [Google Scholar]
- Ahmad, H.I.; Nadeem, M.F.; Khan, H.M.S.; Sarfraz, M.; Saleem, H.; Khurshid, U.; Locatelli, M.; Ashraf, M.; Akhtar, N.; Abidin, S.A.Z. Phytopharmacological Evaluation of Different Solvent Extract/Fractions From Sphaeranthus indicus L. Flowers: From Traditional Therapies to Bioactive Compounds. Front. Pharmacol. 2021, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, H.I.; Shoaib Khan, H.M.; Akhtar, N.; Ijaz, S. Phenolic, flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity of Smilax China with its inhibitory potential against clinically important enzymes. Nat. Prod. Res. 2019, 35, 2066–2071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kausar, J.; Muthumani, D.; Hedina, A.; Anand, V. Review of the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Euphorbia hirta Linn. Pharmacogn. J. 2016, 8, 310–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xavier, E.; Trezzi, M.M.; Oliveira, M.C.; Vidal, R.A.; Brusamarello, A.P. Activity of antioxidant enzymes in Euphorbia heterophylla biotypes and their relation to cross resistance to ALS and Protox inhibitors. Planta Daninha 2018, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orhan, G.; Orhan, I.; Subutay-Oztekin, N.; Ak, F.; Sener, B. Contemporary anticholinesterase pharmaceuticals of natural origin and their synthetic analogues for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Recent Patents CNS Drug Discov. 2009, 4, 43–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mahomoodally, M.F.; Dall’Acqua, S.; Sinan, K.I.; Sut, S.; Ferrarese, I.; Etienne, O.K.; Sadeer, N.B.; Ak, G.; Zengin, G. Phenolic compounds analysis of three Euphorbia species by LC-DAD-MSn and their biological properties. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2020, 189, 113477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ismail, A.; Mohamed, M.; Kwei, Y.F.; Yin, K.B. Euphorbia hirta methanolic extract displays potential antioxidant activity for the development of local natural products. Pharmacognosy Res. 2019, 11, 78. [Google Scholar]
- Orhan, I.; Kartal, M.; Naz, Q.; Ejaz, A.; Yilmaz, G.; Kan, Y.; Konuklugil, B.; Şener, B.; Choudhary, M.I. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase evaluation of selected Turkish Salvia species. Food Chem. 2007, 103, 1247–1254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ndhlala, A.R.; Aderogba, M.A.; Ncube, B.; Van Staden, J. Anti-oxidative and cholinesterase inhibitory effects of leaf extracts and their isolated compounds from two closely related Croton species. Molecules 2013, 18, 1916–1932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pisano, M.B.; Cosentino, S.; Viale, S.; Spanò, D.; Corona, A.; Esposito, F.; Tramontano, E.; Montoro, P.; Tuberoso, C.I.G.; Medda, R. Biological activities of aerial parts extracts of Euphorbia characias. BioMed Res. Int. 2016, 2016, 1538703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, J.; Zhao, S.; Yin, P.; Yan, L.; Han, J.; Shi, L.; Zhou, X.; Liu, Y.; Ma, C. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of polyphenols from the burs of Castanea mollissima Blume. Molecules 2014, 19, 8373–8386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fais, A.; Era, B.; Di Petrillo, A.; Floris, S.; Piano, D.; Montoro, P.; Tuberoso, C.I.G.; Medda, R.; Pintus, F. Selected enzyme inhibitory effects of Euphorbia characias extracts. Biomed Res. Int. 2018, 2018, 1219367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gulati, V.; Harding, I.H.; Palombo, E.A. Enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of traditional medicinal plants: Potential application in the management of hyperglycemia. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2012, 12, 77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ahmad, V.U.; Hussain, J.; Hussain, H.; Jassbi, A.R.; Ullah, F.; Lodhi, M.A.; Yasin, A.; Choudhary, M.I. First natural urease inhibitor from Euphorbia decipiens. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2003, 51, 719–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Minozzo, B.R.; Lemes, B.M.; da Silva Justo, A.; Lara, J.E.; Petry, V.E.K.; Fernandes, D.; Belló, C.; Vellosa, J.C.R.; Campagnoli, E.B.; Nunes, O.C. Anti-ulcer mechanisms of polyphenols extract of Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Bruyns (Euphorbiaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 191, 29–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sahin, H.; Can, Z.; Yildiz, O.; Kolayli, S.; Innocenti, A.; Scozzafava, G.; Supuran, C.T. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase isozymes I and II with natural products extracted from plants, mushrooms and honey. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2012, 27, 395–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson, P.B.; Abdurahman, E.M.; Tiam, E.A.; Abdu-Aguye, I.; Hussaini, I.M. Euphorbia hirta leaf extracts increase urine output and electrolytes in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999, 65, 63–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tiwari, M.S.; Sharma, P. Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Int. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 1, 96–106. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Y.; Ma, D.; Sun, D.; Wang, C.; Zhang, J.; Xie, Y.; Guo, T. Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of flour, noodles, and steamed bread made from different colored wheat grains by three milling methods. Crop J. 2015, 3, 328–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shimada, K.; Fujikawa, K.; Yahara, K.; Nakamura, T. Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1992, 40, 945–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ellman, G.L.; Courtney, K.D.; Andres, V., Jr.; Featherstone, R.M. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1961, 7, 88–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pierre, C.; Roland, R.; Tremblay, R.R.; Dube, J. p-Nitrophenol-α-D-glucopyranoside as substrate for measurement of maltase activity in human semen. J. Clin. Chem. 1978, 24, 208–211. [Google Scholar]
- Weatherburn, M.W. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Anal. Chem. 1967, 39, 971–974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tahseen, G.; Kalsoom, A.; Faiz-ul-Hassan, N.; Choudhry, M.A. Screening of selected medicinal plants for urease inhibitory activity. Biol. Med. 2010, 2, 64–69. [Google Scholar]
- Ashiq, U.; Jamal, R.A.; Saleem, M.; Mahroof-Tahir, M. Alpha-glucosidase and carbonic anhydrase inhibition studies of Pd (II)-hydrazide complexes. Arab. J. Chem. 2017, 10, 488–499. [Google Scholar]
Fraction | Yield g (%) | TPC (mg GAE/g) | TFC (mg QE/g) |
---|---|---|---|
ENCr | 40.0 (8) | 127 ± 3.32 * | 70 ± 2.96 * |
ENHF | 1.96 (0.392) | 66 ± 1.57 | 38 ± 1.39 |
ENCF | 0.94 (0.188) | 97 ± 1.45 | 47 ± 1.65 |
ENBF | 1.3 (0.26) | 123 ± 1.78 * | 64 ± 1.49 |
ENAF | 0.78 (0.156) | 77 ± 1.98 | 56 ± 1.28 |
Sample | Inhibition (%) at 0.5 mg/mL | IC50 (μg/mL) |
---|---|---|
ENCr | 48.36 ± 0.25 | - |
ENHF | 35.61 ± 0.36 | - |
ENCF | 49.24 ± 0.29 | - |
ENBF | 57.32 ± 0.43 | 354.17 ± 0.41 * |
ENAF | 52.19 ± 0.52 | 484.29 ± 0.45 |
Eserine | 91.46 ± 1.25 | 0.19 ± 0.05 |
Sample | Inhibition (%) at 0.5 mg/mL | IC50 (μg/mL) |
---|---|---|
ENCr | 15.76 ± 0.29 * | - |
ENHF | 12.19 ± 0.17 * | - |
ENCF | 14.23 ± 0.23 * | - |
ENBF | 18.45 ± 0.27 * | - |
ENAF | 23.17 ± 0.35 * | - |
Eserine | 83.75 ± 1.16 | 0.62 ± 0.08 |
Sample | Inhibition (%) at 0.5 mg/mL | IC50 (μg/mL) |
---|---|---|
ENCr | 97.81 ± 1.87 | 22.83 ± 1.53 * |
ENHF | 97.42 ± 1.59 | 62.56 ± 1.34 |
ENCF | 71.52 ± 1.62 | 328.57 ± 1.25 |
ENBF | 97.84 ± 1.83 | 47.65 ± 0.87 |
ENAF | 16.32 ± 1.38 * | - |
Acarbose | 92.68 ± 0.19 | 37.49 ± 0.17 |
Sample | Inhibition (%) at 0.5 mg/mL | IC50 (µg/mL) |
---|---|---|
ENCr | 54.36 ± 1.47 | 472.75 ± 1.14 * |
ENHF | 31.74 ± 0.59 | - |
ENCF | 16.12 ± 0.62 * | - |
ENBF | 17.35 ± 0.75 * | - |
ENAF | 15.35 ± 0.43 * | - |
Thiourea | 98.21 ± 0.18 | 21.25 ± 0.15 |
Sample | Inhibition (%) at 0.5 mg/mL | IC50 (μg/mL) |
---|---|---|
ENCr | 18.57 | - |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Younus, M.; Mohtasheem-ul-Hasan, M.; Ijaz, S.; Kamran, M.; Maqsood, A.; Saddique, B.; Nisar, U.; Ashraf, M.; Mahmoud, E.A.; El-Sabrout, A.M.; et al. Investigation of Euphorbia nivulia-HAM for Enzyme Inhibition Potential in Relation to the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Radical Scavenging Activity. Life 2022, 12, 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020321
Younus M, Mohtasheem-ul-Hasan M, Ijaz S, Kamran M, Maqsood A, Saddique B, Nisar U, Ashraf M, Mahmoud EA, El-Sabrout AM, et al. Investigation of Euphorbia nivulia-HAM for Enzyme Inhibition Potential in Relation to the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Radical Scavenging Activity. Life. 2022; 12(2):321. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020321
Chicago/Turabian StyleYounus, Muhammad, Muhammad Mohtasheem-ul-Hasan, Shakeel Ijaz, Muhammad Kamran, Ambreen Maqsood, Bushra Saddique, Uzair Nisar, Muhammad Ashraf, Eman A. Mahmoud, Ahmed M. El-Sabrout, and et al. 2022. "Investigation of Euphorbia nivulia-HAM for Enzyme Inhibition Potential in Relation to the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Radical Scavenging Activity" Life 12, no. 2: 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020321
APA StyleYounus, M., Mohtasheem-ul-Hasan, M., Ijaz, S., Kamran, M., Maqsood, A., Saddique, B., Nisar, U., Ashraf, M., Mahmoud, E. A., El-Sabrout, A. M., & Elansary, H. O. (2022). Investigation of Euphorbia nivulia-HAM for Enzyme Inhibition Potential in Relation to the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Radical Scavenging Activity. Life, 12(2), 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020321