Cutaneous Wound Healing: An Update from Physiopathology to Current Therapies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physiology of Skin Wound Healing
3. Pathological Healing
4. Factors That Affect the Wound Healing
4.1. Hypoxia
4.2. Nutrition
4.3. Infection
4.4. Stress
4.5. Age
4.6. Sex Hormones
4.7. Chronic Diseases
4.8. Medication
4.9. Smoking
4.10. Alcohol
4.11. Genetic Predisposition
5. Wound Treatments
5.1. Surgical Procedures
5.2. Non-Surgical Therapies
5.2.1. Topical Formulations
5.2.2. Dressings
5.2.3. Skin Substitutes
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cytokine | Secretory Cells | Biologic Effect |
---|---|---|
Pro-inflammatory cytokines | ||
IFN-γ | Macrophage, neutrophil, lymphocyte T | Macrophage activation/Decrease of collagen synthesis/Synthesis of MMPs |
IL-1β | Macrophage, neutrophil, keratinocyte | Chemotaxis of fibroblast and keratinocyte/Synthesis of MMPs |
IL-6 | Macrophage, keratinocyte neutrophil | Chemotaxis of macrophages and neutrophils/Proliferation of fibroblasts |
IL-8 | Macrophage, neutrophil, fibroblast | Chemotaxis of macrophages and neutrophils/Synthesis of collagen |
TNF-α | Macrophage, neutrophil | Cytotoxicity of macrophages and neutrophils/Synthesis of MMPs |
Anti-inflammatory cytokines | ||
IL-4 | Lymphocyte T, basophils, mast cells | Decrease of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6/Proliferation of fibroblasts/Synthesis of collagen |
IL-10 | Lymphocyte T, macrophage, keratinocyte | Decrease of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6/Inhibition of macrophages and neutrophils |
Growth Factor | Secretory Cells | Biological Effect |
---|---|---|
EGF | Macrophages/Keratinocytes | Proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes |
FGF-2 | Fibroblasts/Endothelial cells | Proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes |
IGF-1 | Fibroblasts/Endothelial cells/Neutrophils | Proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells |
KGF | Fibroblasts | Proliferation and migration of keratinocytes |
PDGF | Macrophages/Platelets | Activation of neutrophils and fibroblasts/Proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells |
TGF-β1 | Platelets/Macrophages/Fibroblasts/Keratinocytes/Neutrophils/Endothelial cells | Angiogenesis/Extracellular matrix remodeling/Fibroblast differentiation |
VEGF | Neutrophils/Endothelial cells/Platelets | Angiogenesis |
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Gushiken, L.F.S.; Beserra, F.P.; Bastos, J.K.; Jackson, C.J.; Pellizzon, C.H. Cutaneous Wound Healing: An Update from Physiopathology to Current Therapies. Life 2021, 11, 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11070665
Gushiken LFS, Beserra FP, Bastos JK, Jackson CJ, Pellizzon CH. Cutaneous Wound Healing: An Update from Physiopathology to Current Therapies. Life. 2021; 11(7):665. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11070665
Chicago/Turabian StyleGushiken, Lucas Fernando Sérgio, Fernando Pereira Beserra, Jairo Kenupp Bastos, Christopher John Jackson, and Cláudia Helena Pellizzon. 2021. "Cutaneous Wound Healing: An Update from Physiopathology to Current Therapies" Life 11, no. 7: 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11070665
APA StyleGushiken, L. F. S., Beserra, F. P., Bastos, J. K., Jackson, C. J., & Pellizzon, C. H. (2021). Cutaneous Wound Healing: An Update from Physiopathology to Current Therapies. Life, 11(7), 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11070665