Copper Sulfide Remobilization and Mineralization during Paleoproterozoic Retrograde Metamorphism in the Tongkuangyu Copper Deposit, North China Craton
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regional Geology
3. Deposit Geology
3.1. General Aspect
3.2. Metamorphic and Alteration Petrography
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Zircon U-Pb Dating
4.2. Electron Probe Microanalysis
4.3. H-O-S-Pb Isotopes
4.4. He-Ar Isotopes
5. Results
5.1. Geochronology
5.1.1. Zircon U-Pb Dating
5.1.2. Sulfide Pb-Pb Dating
5.2. Mineral Chemistry
5.2.1. Biotite
5.2.2. Chlorite
5.2.3. Sulfides
5.3. Stable Isotopes
5.3.1. H-O Isotopes
5.3.2. He-Ar Isotopes
5.3.3. Sulfur Isotopes
6. Discussion
6.1. Timing of Copper Mineralization and its Relation to Metamorphism
6.2. Origin of the Biotite and Chlorite
6.3. Sources of Ore-Forming Fluids and Copper
6.4. A Remobilization Model and Implication for Regional Metallogeny
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Th | U | Pb/Pb | 1 | Pb/U | 1 | Pb/U | 1 | Pb/Pb | 1 | Pb/U | 1 | Pb/U | 1 | Continued | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ppm | ppm | Ratio | Ratio | Ratio | Age (Ma) | Age (Ma) | Age (Ma) | ||||||||
15TK72-1 | 160 | 464 | 0.132596 | 0.003564 | 6.507720 | 0.182921 | 0.350795 | 0.005490 | 2132 | 52 | 2047 | 25 | 1938 | 26 | 94% |
15TK72-2 | 220 | 512 | 0.129750 | 0.003308 | 6.403430 | 0.176909 | 0.352037 | 0.005217 | 2095 | 44 | 2033 | 24 | 1944 | 25 | 95% |
15TK72-3 | 77.9 | 123 | 0.135365 | 0.003510 | 7.937943 | 0.228860 | 0.419388 | 0.007038 | 2169 | 45 | 2224 | 26 | 2258 | 32 | 98% |
15TK72-4 | 94.6 | 319 | 0.132544 | 0.003098 | 7.870702 | 0.204647 | 0.423792 | 0.005930 | 2132 | 41 | 2216 | 23 | 2278 | 27 | 97% |
15TK72-5 | 224 | 468 | 0.131296 | 0.003076 | 5.941478 | 0.145733 | 0.325153 | 0.005513 | 2117 | 46 | 1967 | 21 | 1815 | 27 | 91% |
15TK72-6 | 132 | 260 | 0.133746 | 0.003104 | 7.869795 | 0.193886 | 0.421906 | 0.005832 | 2148 | 41 | 2216 | 22 | 2269 | 26 | 97% |
15TK72-7 | 314 | 566 | 0.130290 | 0.002858 | 5.639331 | 0.140118 | 0.310505 | 0.004931 | 2102 | 39 | 1922 | 21 | 1743 | 24 | 90% |
15TK72-8 | 126 | 343 | 0.131646 | 0.003249 | 7.408248 | 0.208270 | 0.403092 | 0.006465 | 2120 | 43 | 2162 | 25 | 2183 | 30 | 99% |
15TK72-9 | 225 | 519 | 0.130358 | 0.003080 | 6.068570 | 0.167968 | 0.333227 | 0.005233 | 2103 | 41 | 1986 | 24 | 1854 | 25 | 93% |
15TK72-10 | 125 | 252 | 0.132539 | 0.003509 | 7.773304 | 0.241875 | 0.420249 | 0.007076 | 2132 | 46 | 2205 | 28 | 2262 | 32 | 97% |
15TK72-11 | 93.5 | 142 | 0.137270 | 0.003834 | 9.184007 | 0.293271 | 0.479612 | 0.008367 | 2194 | 50 | 2357 | 29 | 2526 | 36 | 93% |
15TK72-12 | 116 | 317 | 0.129485 | 0.003851 | 5.507699 | 0.175762 | 0.306076 | 0.004994 | 2091 | 52 | 1902 | 27 | 1721 | 25 | 90% |
15TK72-13 | 131 | 394 | 0.133465 | 0.003393 | 7.464090 | 0.199285 | 0.402146 | 0.005006 | 2144 | 44 | 2169 | 24 | 2179 | 23 | 99% |
15TK72-14 | 202 | 525 | 0.127731 | 0.003130 | 6.152720 | 0.171515 | 0.346059 | 0.005146 | 2078 | 38 | 1998 | 24 | 1916 | 25 | 95% |
15TK72-15 | 67.3 | 227 | 0.131839 | 0.003163 | 8.029580 | 0.212421 | 0.438105 | 0.005927 | 2124 | 42 | 2234 | 24 | 2342 | 27 | 95% |
15TK72-16 | 88.6 | 158 | 0.133080 | 0.003169 | 8.238265 | 0.225389 | 0.446136 | 0.006850 | 2139 | 41 | 2258 | 25 | 2378 | 31 | 94% |
15TK72-17 | 173 | 227 | 0.126858 | 0.002816 | 6.210369 | 0.166735 | 0.354270 | 0.006768 | 2055 | 39 | 2006 | 24 | 1955 | 32 | 97% |
15TK72-18 | 101 | 94.3 | 0.133026 | 0.003215 | 7.544670 | 0.215092 | 0.409258 | 0.006355 | 2139 | 42 | 2178 | 26 | 2212 | 29 | 98% |
15TK72-19 | 502 | 689 | 0.125083 | 0.002520 | 4.874860 | 0.119185 | 0.281679 | 0.004591 | 2031 | 35 | 1798 | 21 | 1600 | 23 | 88% |
15TK72-20 | 66.1 | 115 | 0.129282 | 0.003252 | 7.821594 | 0.221500 | 0.438180 | 0.007175 | 2088 | 44 | 2211 | 26 | 2342 | 32 | 94% |
15TK72-21 | 421 | 695 | 0.120703 | 0.002398 | 4.861564 | 0.117308 | 0.291056 | 0.004287 | 1966 | 35 | 1796 | 20 | 1647 | 21 | 91% |
15TK72-22 | 225 | 313 | 0.127552 | 0.002724 | 6.462004 | 0.184302 | 0.366062 | 0.006952 | 2065 | 37 | 2041 | 25 | 2011 | 33 | 98% |
15TK72-23 | 259 | 487 | 0.122368 | 0.002789 | 5.151616 | 0.137893 | 0.304989 | 0.004782 | 1991 | 41 | 1845 | 23 | 1716 | 24 | 92% |
15TK17-1 | 103 | 174 | 0.138998 | 0.003799 | 8.332893 | 0.283288 | 0.431033 | 0.009173 | 2215 | 48 | 2268 | 31 | 2310 | 41 | 98% |
15TK17-2 | 450 | 832 | 0.121614 | 0.002785 | 5.015080 | 0.139951 | 0.296264 | 0.005185 | 1980 | 41 | 1822 | 24 | 1673 | 26 | 91% |
15TK17-3 | 30.5 | 1018 | 0.129512 | 0.002797 | 4.940881 | 0.134594 | 0.273926 | 0.004877 | 2091 | 38 | 1809 | 23 | 1561 | 25 | 85% |
15TK17-4 | 278 | 887 | 0.125591 | 0.002829 | 5.394423 | 0.164264 | 0.308019 | 0.006340 | 2039 | 39 | 1884 | 26 | 1731 | 31 | 91% |
15TK17-5 | 220 | 380 | 0.142210 | 0.003187 | 8.767293 | 0.233089 | 0.444142 | 0.008589 | 2254 | 38 | 2314 | 24 | 2369 | 38 | 97% |
15TK17-6 | 228 | 242 | 0.157593 | 0.003776 | 10.944491 | 0.315616 | 0.498572 | 0.009218 | 2431 | 41 | 2518 | 27 | 2608 | 40 | 96% |
15TK17-7 | 150 | 224 | 0.141281 | 0.003288 | 8.670424 | 0.266669 | 0.439483 | 0.008994 | 2243 | 41 | 2304 | 28 | 2348 | 40 | 98% |
15TK17-8 | 186 | 554 | 0.135390 | 0.003146 | 6.361816 | 0.181396 | 0.336660 | 0.006125 | 2169 | 40 | 2027 | 25 | 1871 | 30 | 91% |
15TK17-9 | 95.5 | 93.8 | 0.132500 | 0.003657 | 7.463651 | 0.243966 | 0.403018 | 0.007400 | 2131 | 53 | 2169 | 29 | 2183 | 34 | 99% |
15TK17-10 | 118 | 279 | 0.130789 | 0.003541 | 7.756137 | 0.238536 | 0.424231 | 0.007001 | 2109 | 47 | 2203 | 28 | 2280 | 32 | 96% |
15TK17-11 | 157 | 318 | 0.276175 | 0.007738 | 26.897195 | 0.978275 | 0.695829 | 0.016311 | 3342 | 44 | 3380 | 36 | 3405 | 62 | 99% |
15TK17-12 | 158 | 265 | 0.144044 | 0.004309 | 9.028967 | 0.296604 | 0.448769 | 0.007918 | 2276 | 52 | 2341 | 30 | 2390 | 35 | 97% |
15TK17-13 | 131 | 206 | 0.145893 | 0.004750 | 8.654297 | 0.318667 | 0.426837 | 0.011423 | 2298 | 55 | 2302 | 34 | 2291 | 52 | 99% |
15TK17-14 | 252 | 415 | 0.159669 | 0.004192 | 10.081618 | 0.290057 | 0.452187 | 0.007142 | 2454 | 44 | 2442 | 27 | 2405 | 32 | 98% |
15TK17-15 | 256 | 493 | 0.149101 | 0.003783 | 8.569544 | 0.253865 | 0.411300 | 0.007007 | 2336 | 49 | 2293 | 27 | 2221 | 32 | 96% |
15TK17-16 | 305 | 441 | 0.140788 | 0.003299 | 7.375779 | 0.206542 | 0.374953 | 0.006400 | 2237 | 40 | 2158 | 25 | 2053 | 30 | 94% |
15TK17-17 | 223 | 384 | 0.134921 | 0.003142 | 7.710761 | 0.195892 | 0.409955 | 0.005692 | 2165 | 40 | 2198 | 23 | 2215 | 26 | 99% |
15TK17-18 | 150 | 281 | 0.142554 | 0.003211 | 9.171776 | 0.237656 | 0.461026 | 0.006915 | 2258 | 39 | 2355 | 24 | 2444 | 31 | 96% |
15TK17-19 | 144 | 197 | 0.148710 | 0.003841 | 9.530019 | 0.282890 | 0.460601 | 0.009029 | 2331 | 44 | 2390 | 27 | 2442 | 40 | 97% |
15TK17-20 | 114 | 135 | 0.135560 | 0.003963 | 6.816048 | 0.215324 | 0.361343 | 0.006744 | 2172 | 50 | 2088 | 28 | 1989 | 32 | 95% |
15TK17-21 | 179 | 221 | 0.175285 | 0.004039 | 12.155594 | 0.302240 | 0.497735 | 0.006440 | 2609 | 38 | 2616 | 23 | 2604 | 28 | 99% |
15TK17-22 | 130 | 186 | 0.149743 | 0.011119 | 9.315985 | 0.676213 | 0.449482 | 0.008341 | 2343 | 127 | 2370 | 67 | 2393 | 37 | 99% |
15TK17-23 | 142 | 228 | 0.140824 | 0.003670 | 7.865361 | 0.226347 | 0.401870 | 0.006669 | 2239 | 46 | 2216 | 26 | 2178 | 31 | 98% |
Sample No. | Host Rock | Mineral | Pb/ Pb | sd | Pb/Pb | sd | Pb/Pb | sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13TK30 | Metamorphosed tuff | Chalcopyrite | 79.49 | 0.031 | 26.2 | 0.01 | 108.6 | 0.041 |
13TK44 | Chalcopyrite quartz vein | Chalcopyrite | 65.41 | 0.016 | 20.5 | 0.005 | 58.77 | 0.014 |
13TK62-1 | Chalcopyrite quartz vein | Chalcopyrite | 76.05 | 0.025 | 21.4 | 0.008 | 64.19 | 0.021 |
13TK67 | Breciated quartz vein cemented by chalcopyrite | Chalcopyrite | 43.00 | 0.009 | 16.6 | 0.004 | 26.65 | 0.007 |
13TK74 | Breciated quartz vein cemented by chalcopyrite | Chalcopyrite | 74.67 | 0.018 | 20.9 | 0.005 | 60.35 | 0.014 |
13TK89 | Biotite schist with sulfide disseminates | Pyrite | 73.02 | 0.025 | 21.5 | 0.007 | 66.23 | 0.021 |
13TK90 | Chalcopyrite quartz vein | Chalcopyrite | 66.10 | 0.019 | 18.9 | 0.005 | 43.32 | 0.013 |
Sample No. | Host Rock | Mineral | D (‰) | O (‰) | O (‰) | D (‰) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13TK03 | Porphyry | Biotite | −86.5 | 8.8 | 11.3 | −54.0 |
13TK18 | Hem two mica qtz schist | Biotite | −75.5 | 11.0 | 13.5 | −43.0 |
13TK40 | Biotite schist | Biotite | −66.5 | 10.9 | 13.4 | −33.2 |
13TK51 | Bt ser ab quartzite | Biotite | −97.8 | 11.0 | 13.6 | −67.9 |
13TK53 | Qtz ab sandstone cut by bt bands | Biotite | −85.6 | 13.8 | 16.3 | −51.9 |
13TK55 | Deformed porphyry | Biotite | −93.0 | 11.0 | 13.5 | −60.0 |
13TK06 | Qtz ser tuff | Chlorite | −58.5 | 10.1 | 10.5 | −18.9 |
13TK07 | Qtz two mica schist | Chlorite | −63.9 | 7.6 | 8.0 | −24.3 |
13TK08 | Qtz 2 mica schist | Chlorite | −61.5 | 7.9 | 8.3 | −21.9 |
13TK85 | Chl altered biotite schist | Chlorite | −61.1 | 6.0 | 6.4 | −21.5 |
13TK94 | Two mica schist | Chlorite | −68.9 | 7.9 | 8.3 | −29.3 |
13TK30 | Qtz breccia | Quartz | −78.6 | 14 | 8.2 | |
13TK44 | Qtz breccia | Quartz | −68.0 | 14.2 | 8.4 | |
13TK62-1 | Qtz vein | Quartz | −66.6 | 13.4 | 7.6 | |
13TK67 | Qtz breccia | Quartz | −76.2 | 12.9 | 7.1 | |
13TK74 | Qtz vein | Quartz | −71.2 | 13.4 | 7.6 |
Sample No. | Host Rock | Mineral | Weight(g) | He (EccSTP/g) | He (EccSTP/g) | He/He (Ra) | Error | Ar (E ccSTp/g) | Ar(E ccSTP/g) | Ar* (E ccSTp/g) | Ar/Ar | Error | Ar/Ar | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13TK30 | Meta-tuff | Py | 0.5 | 872.7 | 8.0E-06 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 4.6 | 0.00152 | 4.2 | 2780 | 49.8 | 0.189 | 0.003 |
13TK44 | Sulfide vein | Py | 0.9 | 381.3 | 7.8E-06 | 0.023 | 0.003 | 3.7 | 0.00084 | 3.4 | 4025 | 32.6 | 0.191 | 0.003 |
13TK62-1 | Sulfide vein | Ccp | 0.5 | 24.0 | 4.8E-07 | 0.023 | 0.002 | 9.3 | 0.00099 | 9.0 | 8623 | 195.5 | 0.187 | 0.003 |
13TK67 | Sulfide vein | Py | 0.5 | 150.2 | 7.9E-07 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 5.6 | 0.00167 | 5.1 | 3067 | 34.2 | 0.182 | 0.003 |
13TK74 | Sulfide vein | Ccp | 0.4 | 2849.6 | 5.8E-06 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 3.4 | 0.00183 | 2.9 | 1723 | 32.7 | 0.190 | 0.003 |
Sample No. | Host Rock | Mineral | S(‰) |
---|---|---|---|
13TK30 | Metamorphosed tuff | Py | 2.3 |
13TK67 | Chalcopyrite quartz vein | Py | 3.1 |
13TK89 | Chalcopyrite quartz vein | Py | 7 |
13TK44 | Breciated quartz vein cemented by chalcopyrite | Ccp | 4 |
13TK62-1 | Breciated quartz vein cemented by chalcopyrite | Ccp | 5.1 |
13TK74 | Biotite schist with sulfide disseminates | Ccp | 5.7 |
13TK90 | Chalcopyrite quartz vein | Ccp | 6.2 |
T04 | Chalcopyrite quartz vein | Bn | 1.2 |
TK11 | Porphyry | Bn | 1.9 |
TKYBN1 | Breciated quartz vein cemented by chalcopyrite and bornite | Bn | 1.5 |
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Liu, X.; Yang, K.; Rusk, B.; Qiu, Z.; Hu, F.; Pironon, J. Copper Sulfide Remobilization and Mineralization during Paleoproterozoic Retrograde Metamorphism in the Tongkuangyu Copper Deposit, North China Craton. Minerals 2019, 9, 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070443
Liu X, Yang K, Rusk B, Qiu Z, Hu F, Pironon J. Copper Sulfide Remobilization and Mineralization during Paleoproterozoic Retrograde Metamorphism in the Tongkuangyu Copper Deposit, North China Craton. Minerals. 2019; 9(7):443. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070443
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Xuan, Kuifeng Yang, Brian Rusk, Zhengjie Qiu, Fangfang Hu, and Jacques Pironon. 2019. "Copper Sulfide Remobilization and Mineralization during Paleoproterozoic Retrograde Metamorphism in the Tongkuangyu Copper Deposit, North China Craton" Minerals 9, no. 7: 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070443