Geology and Age Constraints on the Origin of the Intrusion-Related, Sheeted Vein-Type Åkerberg Gold Deposit, Skellefte District, Sweden
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Geology of the Åkerberg Area
2.2. The Ore and Occurrence of Gold at Åkerberg
2.3. Local Deformation and Metamorphism
2.4. Analytical Results
2.4.1. U-Pb Dating of the Gabbro
Grain/Spot # a | U ppm | Pb ppm | Th/Ucalc b | 206Pb/204Pb c | f206% d | Disc% e | 206Pb/238U ±1 s | 207Pb/ 235U ±1 s | 207Pb/206Pb ±1 s | 206Pb/238U age | 207Pb/235U age | 207Pb/206Pb age |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Granodiorite (session number, n1711) | ||||||||||||
1a, cen | 779 | 301 | 0.34 | 70211 | 0.03 | −6.1 | 0.3166 ± 1.57 | 5.002 ± 1.59 | 0.1146 ± 0.24 | 1773 | 1820 | 1873 |
2a, ed | 174 | 67 | 0.22 | 22820 | 0.08 | −4.0 | 0.3238 ± 1.57 | 5.115 ± 1.67 | 0.1146 ± 0.55 | 1808 | 1839 | 1873 |
2b, ed | 151 | 59 | 0.21 | 18588 | 0.10 | −3.0 | 0.3302 ± 1.57 | 5.259 ± 1.66 | 0.1155 ± 0.54 | 1839 | 1862 | 1888 |
5a, ce | 563 | 194 | 0.21 | 10966 | 0.17 | −13.8 | 0.2906 ± 1.57 | 4.591 ± 1.62 | 0.1146 ± 0.40 | 1645 | 1748 | 1873 |
7a, ce | 406 | 111 | 0.09 | 6761 | 0.28 | −27.8 | 0.2385 ± 1.57 | 3.700 ± 1.63 | 0.1125 ± 0.42 | 1379 | 1571 | 1841 |
7b, ce | 485 | 170 | 0.14 | 24516 | 0.08 | −9.9 | 0.3013 ± 1.58 | 4.724 ± 1.61 | 0.1137 ± 0.32 | 1698 | 1772 | 1860 |
9a, ed | 936 | 355 | 0.08 | 29203 | 0.06 | −1.3 | 0.3329 ± 1.38 | 5.259 ± 1.41 | 0.1146 ± 0.26 | 1853 | 1862 | 1873 |
9b, ce | 477 | 197 | 0.10 | 1734 | 1.08 | 7.9 | 0.3620 ± 1.39 | 5.695 ± 1.44 | 0.1141 ± 0.40 | 1992 | 1931 | 1866 |
12a, ed | 95 | 90 | 2.33 | 25640 | 0.07 | 1.7 | 0.5227 ± 1.40 | 13.140 ± 1.50 | 0.1823 ± 0.55 | 2711 | 2690 | 2674 |
12b, ed | 39 | 32 | 1.58 | 2997 | 0.62 | −1.5 | 0.5016 ± 1.40 | 12.451 ± 1.66 | 0.1800 ± 0.89 | 2621 | 2639 | 2653 |
19a, ed | 491 | 190 | 0.27 | 7976 | 0.23 | −5.6 | 0.3231 ± 1.38 | 5.174 ± 1.43 | 0.1162 ± 0.37 | 1805 | 1848 | 1898 |
Gabbro (session number, n572) | ||||||||||||
2a, ce | 1790 | 698 | 0.25 | 471 | 3.97 | −1.4 | 0.3286 ± 4.70 | 5.135 ± 8.17 | 0.1133 ± 6.68 | 1832 | 1842 | 1854 |
3b, ce | 449 | 122 | 0.35 | 51813 | 0.04 | −29.1 | 0.2181 ± 0.78 | 3.181 ± 0.85 | 0.1058 ± 0.34 | 1272 | 1453 | 1728 |
3c, tip | 3914 | 523 | 0.12 | 13026 | 0.14 | −51.3 | 0.1151 ± 3.23 | 1.385 ± 3.74 | 0.0873 ± 1.89 | 702 | 883 | 1367 |
4a, ce | 2168 | 637 | 0.19 | 143802 | 0.01 | −25.1 | 0.2478 ± 0.73 | 3.851 ± 0.80 | 0.1127 ± 0.31 | 1427 | 1603 | 1844 |
5a, tip | 161 | 65 | 0.52 | 139723 | 0.01 | −1.0 | 0.3182 ± 0.77 | 4.817 ± 0.89 | 0.1098 ± 0.43 | 1781 | 1788 | 1796 |
5b, ce | 1001 | 320 | 0.24 | 2019 | 0.93 | −14.5 | 0.2686 ± 0.77 | 3.986 ± 0.87 | 0.1077 ± 0.40 | 1533 | 1631 | 1760 |
6a, co | 1102 | 274 | 0.33 | 12359 | 0.15 | −31.0 | 0.2005 ± 1.62 | 2.794 ± 1.77 | 0.1011 ± 0.70 | 1178 | 1354 | 1644 |
7a, ce | 450 | 159 | 0.17 | 2629 | 0.71 | −10.3 | 0.3020 ± 0.73 | 4.762 ± 0.88 | 0.1144 ± 0.49 | 1701 | 1778 | 1870 |
8a, tip | 2276 | 938 | 0.43 | 61350 | 0.03 | −2.7 | 0.3314 ± 0.76 | 5.281 ± 0.77 | 0.1156 ± 0.16 | 1845 | 1866 | 1889 |
8b, ce | 2165 | 825 | 0.30 | 22645 | 0.08 | −6.5 | 0.3156 ± 0.73 | 4.992 ± 0.75 | 0.1147 ± 0.16 | 1768 | 1818 | 1875 |
Analysis number (number of grains) | U/Th | Pbc/Pbtot (1) | 206Pb/204Pb Raw (2) | 207Pb/235U [corr] (3) | ±2 s err% | 206Pb/238U | ±2 s err% | 207Pb/235U [age, Ma] | 206Pb/238U | 207Pb/206Pb | ±2 s err% | Concord |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Åk-a (3 grains) | 104.7 | 0.004 | 15554 | 5.2739 | 0.46 | 0.33306 | 0.45 | 1864.6 | 1853.2 | 1877.4 | 2.0 | 0.987 |
Åk-1 (1 grain) | 103.7 | 0.011 | 5652 | 5.2547 | 0.50 | 0.33168 | 0.48 | 1861.5 | 1846.5 | 1878.3 | 2.1 | 0.983 |
2.4.2. U-Pb Dating of the Granodiorite
2.4.3. Fluid Inclusion Results
2.5. Discussion
2.5.1. Ages of Rocks and Other Geological Constraints on Ore Formation at Åkerberg
2.5.2. Field and Genetic Relationships between Rocks and Mechanisms for Quartz Veining
2.5.3. Factors Controlling Gold Transport, Ore-Associated Alteration and Distribution of Veins and Gold
2.5.4. Classifying the Åkerberg Gold Deposit: An Intrusion-Related Type of Mineralization
Deposit | Location | Geological setting | Host rock and ore setting | Ore | Vein mineralogy | Alteration | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrusion-hosted examples (continental margin setting—behind arcs), spatially related to felsic granitoids showing porphyry textures and associated with aplites/pegmatites, carbonic fluids, sheeted vein-style, minor alteration, elevated Bi, W, As and Te, coeval with plutonism) | |||||||
Åkerberg | East of SOD 1 | Gabbro-granite complex, at border back-arc/marine basin | Gabbro, ore at the tip of an elongate granite intrusion | Sheeted, thin parallell qz 2 veins, dense spacing | Qz + very minor sulfides (py 3, po 4, rare sp 7 and cpy 5), minor W | Very minor (albitisation) | This study |
Björkdal | 14 km SSW of Åkerberg | Felsic intrusion, volc-sedimentary rocks at border back- arc/marine basin | Contact between granodiorite and marble | Decimetre-metre veins in radial pattern | Qz, minor amounts of sulfides (cpy 5, py 3, po 4), sch 8, tour 9, cc 10 and Sb-Bi phases | Minor (act, sericite, biotite) | [5,6,7] |
Mokskro | Bohemia | Folded and metamor-phosed Jilové sequence | Contact between granodiorite apophysis and volc-sedimentary rocks | Parallel, thin sheeted qz 2 veinlets in granodiorite-hosted ore | Qz and minor sulfides (mainly apy 6); Bi-Te | Very minor (microcline and recrystallised amphibole and biotite) | [60] |
Dublin Gulch | Yukon territory | Miogeoclinal | Granodiorite stock within meta-sediments | Sheeted quartz veins, vein density may exceed 20 veins/m | Minor sulfides, scheelite, Bi-minerals | Moderate (K-fsp, minor albite, some sericite-carbonate) | [62] |
IOCG type examples (arc or fore-arc setting, mainly hosted by sedimentary and volcanic rocks, carbonic fluids, antithetic tensional vein arrays, minor-moderate alteration, timing is syn-regional metamorphism) | |||||||
Fäboliden | W of SOD | Supracrustals at border fore-arc/marine basin | Mainly a greywacke | Sheared qz 2 veinlets, alteration zones | Qz + moderate amounts of apy 6, po 4, loell 11 | Significant (mainly K-fsp, diopside, amp 12, biotite, qz 2) | [18] |
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Sample Descriptions and Analytical Techniques
4. Conclusion: A Genetic Model for the Åkerberg Gold Deposit
Acknowledgements
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Billström, K.; Mattson, B.; Söderlund, U.; Årebäck, H.; Broman, C. Geology and Age Constraints on the Origin of the Intrusion-Related, Sheeted Vein-Type Åkerberg Gold Deposit, Skellefte District, Sweden. Minerals 2012, 2, 385-416. https://doi.org/10.3390/min2040385
Billström K, Mattson B, Söderlund U, Årebäck H, Broman C. Geology and Age Constraints on the Origin of the Intrusion-Related, Sheeted Vein-Type Åkerberg Gold Deposit, Skellefte District, Sweden. Minerals. 2012; 2(4):385-416. https://doi.org/10.3390/min2040385
Chicago/Turabian StyleBillström, Kjell, Benny Mattson, Ulf Söderlund, Hans Årebäck, and Curt Broman. 2012. "Geology and Age Constraints on the Origin of the Intrusion-Related, Sheeted Vein-Type Åkerberg Gold Deposit, Skellefte District, Sweden" Minerals 2, no. 4: 385-416. https://doi.org/10.3390/min2040385