Next Article in Journal
Insights into the Ore Genesis of the Harla Gold Deposit in Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Evidence from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and H-O-C-S-Pb Isotopes
Next Article in Special Issue
Age of Gold Mineralizations of Dongping and Xiaoyingpan Gold Deposits in North China Craton: Constraints from the Zircon U–Pb Dating and Fission-Track Analysis
Previous Article in Journal
Geochronology and Tectonic Implications of the Nianzigou Granites and Associated Mo Deposit, Inner Mongolia
Previous Article in Special Issue
Magma Sources and Tectonic Settings of Concealed Intrusive Rocks in the Jinchang Ore District, Yanbian–Dongning Region, Northeast China: Zircon U–Pb Geochronological, Geochemical, and Hf Isotopic Evidence
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Minerals
Volume 12
Issue 7
10.3390/min12070792
minerals-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Geochronology and Zircon Hf Isotope of the Paleoproterozoic Gaixian Formation in the Southeastern Liaodong Peninsula: Implication for the Tectonic Evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt

by
Hongchao Yu
1,2,
Jin Liu
1,2,*,
Zhonghua He
1,
Zhenghong Liu
1,
Changquan Cheng
3,
Yujie Hao
2,
Chen Zhao
3,
Hongxiang Zhang
1 and
Yachao Dong
1
1
College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
2
Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation of Northeast Asia, Ministry of Natural and Resources of China, Changchun 130061, China
3
School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2022, 12(7), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12070792
Submission received: 18 May 2022 / Revised: 18 June 2022 / Accepted: 20 June 2022 / Published: 22 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Isotopic Tracers of Mantle and Magma Evolution)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The Jiao-Liao-Ji belt (JLJB), in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton, is a major Paleoproterozoic orogen and underwent a complicated tectonic evolution during 2.2–1.8 Ga. The Liaohe Group, an important stratigraphic unit in the JLJB, is key to understanding the complex evolution of this belt. In this paper, we present new detrital zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data for meta-sedimentary rocks from the Gaixian Formation in different areas of the JLJB, in addition to compiled data for other formations of the Liaohe Group, to establish the depositional age and source of detrital materials of the group. U–Pb age results show that the age ranges of zircons from the different samples are broadly similar. The youngest zircon group is ca. 2.06 Ga, and the youngest single-grain age is ca. 2.0 Ga, constraining the depositional age of the Gaixian Formation to between 2.0 Ga and the metamorphic age of ca. 1.9 Ga. The zircon age data indicate that the provenance was primarily Archaean basement of the Nangrim Block and Paleoproterozoic volcanic rocks of the Li’eryu Formation. On the basis of the new geochronological data and results from previous studies, it is inferred that the JLJB underwent a successive process of rifting–subduction–collision, with the different formations of the Liaohe Group being deposited in different stages from rift to passive continental margin and then to active continental margin. Zircon Hf isotope data from the JLJB and adjoining Longgang and Nangrim blocks indicate that a major crustal growth event occurred at 2.9–2.5 Ga, followed by crustal growth and intense recycling of ancient crust at ca. 2.2 Ga.

1. Introduction

The North China Craton (NCC), one of the world’s oldest cratons [1], is typically divided into the Western Block, Eastern Block, and Trans-North China Orogen Belt [2,3,4] (Figure 1a). The Eastern Block comprises the Longgang Block (LGB) and the Nangrim Block (NRB) and the intervening Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt (JLJB), which was formed by collision between the LGB and NRB at the end of the Paleoproterozoic [5,6,7,8,9,10] (Figure 1a). The JLJB has undergone a complicated tectonic evolution, involving multiple process of rifting, subduction, collision, and collapse, and records multiple tectonothermal events that occurred during the Paleoproterozoic [8,9].
Traditionally, the JLJB has been regarded as an intracontinental rift that underwent a simple opening-and-closing process [8,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. The major lines of evidence for the intracontinental rift model include the occurrences of bimodal volcanic rocks, rift-related boron deposits, A-type granites, and early extensional deformation, as well as metamorphism with an anticlockwise P–T path [8,10,11]. More recently, an increasing number of studies have suggested that the JLJB was formed by arc/continent–continent collision [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31] or underwent an integrated process of intracontinental rifting, emergence of a small ocean, subduction, and collision [2,5,6,7,32]. Although progress has been made in understanding the metamorphism, magmatism, and structural deformation of the JLJB, the tectonic evolution of the belt is still not fully resolved.
The JLJB is characterized by the development of extremely thick Paleoproterozoic sediments. From north to south, these Paleoproterozoic sediments comprise the Ji’an and Laoling groups in southern Jilin Province, the South and North Liaohe groups on the Liaodong Peninsula, the Jinshan and Fenzishan groups on the Jiaodong Peninsula, and the Wuhe Group in Anhui Province [2,3,8,33,34]. Of these strata, the Liaohe Group is considered to be the best preserved and most representative, and it also contains the world’s largest resources of magnesite ores [8,33]. During the last two decades, several studies using detrital zircon geochronology have constrained aspects of the timing of deposition, provenance, and sedimentary environment of the Liaohe Group [6,9,12,13,26,30,31,35,36,37,38]. These previous studies revealed that the uppermost set of strata (i.e., the Gaixian Formation) show heterogeneous sediment sources and a variable degree of metamorphism depending on locality. However, there is still a need for a comprehensive study that focuses only on the Gaixian Formation in different areas to elucidate the variation in sedimentary source and depositional environment.
Systematic analyses involving U–Pb dating and Lu–Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from sedimentary rocks can enable determination of the maximum depositional age and the source of detrital materials [39,40]. In this paper, we report the results of analyses of U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes of zircons from meta-sedimentary rocks of the Gaixian Formation in the Xiuyan and Dandong areas and a compilation of the available detrital zircon U–Pb and Hf isotope data reported for the Gaixian Formation for different areas, as well as data for other formations of the Liaohe Group. We constrain the timing of deposition, sediment provenance, and tectonic setting of the Gaixian Formation. Combining our new results with information from previous studies, we also place constraints on the tectonic evolution and crustal growth of the JLJB.

2. Geological Background

The Liaodong Peninsula is located in the northeastern NCC and is occupied mostly by the JLJB. To the north of the JLJB is the LGB, which contains Archaean basement dominated by ca. 2.5 Ga TTG and supracrustal rocks [41,42,43,44,45]. The LGB area of the peninsula also preserves considerable amounts of pre-Neoarchaean rocks, especially the well-known remanent Eoarchaean rocks in the Anshan area [1,46,47,48,49,50]. In comparison, the NRB, to the south of the JLJB on the peninsula, is also dominated by Neoarchaean rocks but lacks pre-Neoarchaean rocks [51,52,53,54,55]. The JLJB is composed of Paleoproterozoic meta-volcanic–sedimentary rocks (i.e., the Liaohe Group), 2.2–2.1 Ga granitoids and mafic dykes, and 1.9–1.8 Ga granitoids [9,33] (Figure 1b).
Rocks of the Liaohe Group, which underwent greenschist- to granulite-facies metamorphism [33,56,57,58], crop out extensively on the Liaodong Peninsula. The Liaohe Group is generally divided into two subgroups by the Qinglongshan–Zaoerling Shear Zone, referred to as the North Liaohe and South Liaohe subgroups, respectively (Figure 1b). The North Liaohe subgroup is composed of the Langzishan, Li’eryu, Gaojiayu, Dashiqiao, and Gaixian formations from bottom to top [8] (Figure 2), and the South Liaohe subgroup contains these same formations except the Langzishan Formation. The Liaohe Group consists of boron-bearing meta-volcanic–sedimentary rocks (e.g., tourmaline-bearing fine-grained felsic gneiss, and amphibolite) in the Li’eryu Formation, a graphite-bearing meta-sedimentary rock assemblage composed of mica schist or fine-grained felsic gneiss in the Gaojiayu Formation, magnesite-bearing calcite marble in the Dashiqiao Formation, and a terrigenous clastic rock assemblage composed of meta-sandstones, mica schist, and quartzite in the Gaixian Formation (Figure 2). In addition to the Liaohe Group, the Liaodong Peninsula contains thick deposits of extensively distributed Mesoproterozoic–Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks (Figure 2). During the Mesozoic, the eastern NCC, including the Liaodong Peninsula, underwent intensive magmatism and deformation that were most likely associated with subduction of the paleo-Pacific oceanic plate.

3. Samples and Analytical Methods

3.1. Description of Samples

The Gaixian Formation has traditionally been considered to represent the uppermost formation of the Liaohe Group. This formation is widely distributed on the Liaodong Peninsula, especially in the Xiuyan and Dandong areas of the JLJB. Lithologies of the lower part of the formation are mainly schist and fine-grained gneiss, whereas those of the upper are predominantly meta-sandstone and meta-siltstone. Five meta-sedimentary samples of representative lithologies were collected from the Xiuyan and Dandong areas for detrital zircon laser-ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) U–Pb dating and Lu–Hf isotope analysis (Figure 1b).
A metamorphic feldspathic quartz sandstone sample (19LJ16-1) was collected from an outcrop on the roadside in eastern Xiuyan County (40°16′51″ N, 123°18′17″ E). The outcrop consists mostly of meta-sandstones with thin schist interlayers. The meta-sandstone sample is grey, shows medium–fine-grained blastopsammitic texture and massive structure (Figure 3a,b), and it is composed primarily of quartz (70 vol.%), potassium feldspar (5 vol.%), plagioclase (15 vol.%), biotite (5 vol.%), and accessory minerals (5 vol.%; Figure 4a).
A sample of two-mica schist (19LJ17-1) was collected from an outcrop near the location of sample 19LJ16-1 in eastern Xiuyan County (40°16′51″ N, 123°18′17″ E). The outcrop is dominated by interbedded mica schists and fine-grained gneiss (Figure 3c). The two-mica schist sample is light grey and displays medium–fine-grained lepidoblastic texture and schistose structure (Figure 3d). The sample is composed of quartz (35 vol.%), plagioclase (25 vol.%), biotite (20 vol.%), muscovite (15 vol.%), and minor accessory minerals (5 vol%; Figure 4b,c). The schistosity is defined mainly by oriented micas.
A muscovite-bearing fine-grained felsic gneiss sample (19LJ22-1) was collected from western Lanqi Town in Fengcheng City (40°05′52″ N, 123°46′41″ E). The rock is silver–grey on fresh surfaces (Figure 3e) and shows medium–fine-grained lepidoblastic texture and schistose structure. The sample is composed of quartz (45 vol.%), potassium feldspar (10 vol.%), plagioclase (20 vol.%), muscovite (15 vol.%), biotite (5 vol.%), and minor accessory minerals (5 vol.%; Figure 4d).
A biotite-bearing fine-grained felsic gneiss sample (19LJ23-1) was collected from northern Donggang City (39°57′06″ N, 124°04′22″ E). The fine-grained gneiss occurs as interlayers within thick and slightly metamorphosed limestone (Figure 3f), and the original compositional layers can be identified (Figure 3g). The sample is yellowish brown, displays medium–fine-grained lepidoblastic texture and schistose structure, and comprises quartz (65 vol.%), biotite (15 vol.%), plagioclase (15 vol.%), and minor accessory minerals (5 vol.%, including monazite and opaque minerals; Figure 4e).
A sample of banded marble (19LJ24-1) was collected near Huangdakan Town in western Donggang City (39°56′04″ N, 123°42′56″ E). The banded marble is ash grey and displays banded structure and fine-grained granoblastic texture (Figure 3h,i). The rock is composed of calcite (90 vol.%) and felsic minerals (10 vol.%; e.g., quartz and felspar; Figure 4f).

3.2. Analytical Methods

Separation of zircons using standard heavy-liquid and magnetic techniques was undertaken at the Regional Geological Survey Institute of Langfang, Hebei Province, Langfang, China. Zircon grains were mounted in epoxy resin and polished until their cores were exposed. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of polished zircons were obtained using a Quanta 200 field-emission environmental scanning electron microscope (FE–SEM) to reveal their internal textures at Nanjing Hongchuang GeoAnalysis Company, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China. Zircon U–Pb dating and Lu–Hf isotope analysis were conducted at Yandu Zhongshi Geological Analysis Laboratories, Beijing, China. The U–Pb dating was conducted by LA–ICP–MS using a NWR193 laser-ablation microprobe (Elemental Scientific Lasers LLC) with a laser spot diameter of 30 μm, attached to a Analytikjena M90. Helium was used as the carrier gas. The trace element contents of zircon were quantified using SRM610 as external standard and Si as internal standard. Isotopic fractionation correction of U-Pb dating was carried out using zircon standard 91500 as an external standard and Plesovice as monitor. Offline data were processed using an open source ICPMSDataCal10.8 software version 10.8, created by Liu Yongsheng of State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China [59,60]. In situ zircon Lu–Hf isotope analysis was performed on the same analytical spots used for U–Pb dating, using a Neptune multi-collector (MC)–ICP–MS instrument with a laser spot diameter of 40 μm. Analytical procedures and interference corrections have been comprehensively described by Wu et al. [61]. εHf values were calculated using the unequilibrated chondrites 176Hf/177Hf ratio of 0.282785 and 176Lu/177Hf ratio of 0.0336, and the decay-constant value of 176Lu is 1.867 × 10−11 yr−1 [62].

4. Analytical Results

4.1. Zircon U–Pb Dating

Zircons from sample 19LJ16-1 measure 40–100 μm in length and have aspect ratios of 1–2. The grains are subhedral and oval to columnar in shape. Most grains show clearly concentric oscillatory zoning in CL images (Figure 5a). Forty analytical spots yielded 207Pb/206Pb ages ranging from 2704 to 1998 Ma, with most Th/U ratios being larger than 0.1 (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 6a). These ages can be divided into four age groups (Figure 6b): 2504–2415 Ma with a peak at 2477 Ma (n = 10), 2389–2309 Ma with a peak at 2331 Ma (n = 10), 2196–2152 Ma with a peak at 2174 Ma (n = 12), and 2075–2051 Ma with a peak at 2065 Ma (n = 6). The other three individual grains yielded ages of 1998, 2657, and 2704 Ma, respectively (Supplementary Table S1).
Zircons of sample 19LJ17-1 are mostly platy or oval with lengths of 60–100 μm and widths of 40–60 μm, indicative of long-term transportation and corresponding sorting and roundness. Most grains show white or dark-grey luminescence in CL images and display oscillatory zoning, with a few having a homogeneous appearance in CL images (Figure 5b). A total of 40 analyses yielded variable 207Pb/206Pb ages ranging from 3003 to 2063 Ma, with only one Th/U ratio less than 0.1 (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 6c). The 207Pb/206Pb age histogram shows a dominant age group of 2534–2437 Ma with a peak at 2480 Ma (n = 24; Figure 6d). The ages also yield two subordinate age groups of 2711–2681 Ma with a peak at 2692 Ma (n = 7) and 2123–2063 Ma with a peak at 2097 Ma (n = 4; Figure 6d). The three remaining single grains yielded older ages of 3003, 2989, and 2795 Ma, respectively (Supplementary Table S1).
Zircons of sample 19LJ22-1 are darkish grey in CL images. Most of the zircons have ellipsoidal shapes, and their sizes and inner structures are similar to those of sample 19LJ17-1 (Figure 5c). In total, 38 of 40 analyses yielded 207Pb/206Pb ages ranging from 3328 to 2105 Ma, with Th/U ratios of 0.19–1.32 (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 6e). The 207Pb/206Pb age histogram shows a dominant age peak at 2498 Ma, corresponding to an age group of 2521–2470 Ma (n = 24), as well as a subordinate age group of 2207–2105 Ma (n = 6) with a peak at 2192 Ma (Figure 6f). Four grains yielded older 207Pb/206Pb ages of 3328, 2986, 2736, and 2687 Ma, respectively (Supplementary Table S1).
Zircons from sample 19LJ23-1 are small with lengths of <100 μm and have aspect ratios of 1–3. Under CL, zircons appear light or dark grey, some show clear or weak oscillatory zoning, and some display core–rim structures (Figure 5d). A total of 40 analyses yielded variable 207Pb/206Pb ages ranging from 2702 to 2112 Ma (Supplementary Table S1). Most Th/U ratios are greater than 0.4, with only one being less than 0.1 (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 7a). The detrital zircon 207Pb/206Pb ages can be divided into one dominant age group of 2542–2468 Ma (n = 25), with a peak at 2491 Ma, and three subordinate age groups of 2224–2112 Ma (n = 6), 2371–2315 Ma (n = 5), and 2702–2687 Ma (n = 4) with peaks at 2137, 2350, and 2696 Ma (Figure 7b), respectively.
Zircons from sample 19LJ24-1 are subhedral with lengths mostly between 50 and 100 μm and aspect ratios of 1–2. Some grains are characterized by light-grey luminescence with obvious core–rim structure; others show homogeneous luminescence under CL (Figure 5e). Of the 40 analyses, 37 have concordance levels of >90% and yielded 207Pb/206Pb ages ranging from 2604 to 2133 Ma (Supplementary Table S1). These analyses have Th/U ratios of 0.13–1.57 (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 7c). The 207Pb/206Pb age histogram shows a dominant age group of 2550–2466 Ma (n = 36) with a peak at 2500 Ma and a subordinate age group of 2169–2133 Ma (n = 7) with a peak at 2156 Ma (Figure 7d).

4.2. Zircon Hf Isotopes

Analysis of Lu–Hf isotopes of zircons can reveal the age of crustal growth and trace the material sources of igneous rocks, leading to a better understanding of the growth and evolution of continental crust [63,64,65,66]. To reveal more information regarding the genesis of the dated detrital zircons, we selected 70 zircon grains with concordant or nearly concordant U–Pb ages and that also covered the dominant and subordinate age groups for Lu–Hf isotope analysis. The Lu–Hf analytical results are presented in Supplementary Table S2.
Zircons from the dominant 207Pb/206Pb age group of 2224–2061 Ma have variable εHf(t) values of −17.8 to +6.55 and TDM2 ages of 3398–2355 Ma (Supplementary Table S2 and Figure 8). Zircons from the dominant age group of 2604–2446 Ma give mainly positive εHf(t) values and variable TDM2 ages of 3543–2590 Ma (Supplementary Table S2 and Figure 8). The old zircons of the subordinate age group of 3328–2681 Ma yield εHf(t) values of −7.66 to +2.51 and TDM2 ages of 3847–3013 Ma (Supplementary Table S2 and Figure 8). Five zircon grains of the subordinate age group of 2336–2309 Ma yield mainly positive εHf(t) values (0.51–5.72, except one of −1.67) and TDM2 ages of 2986–2513 Ma (Supplementary Table S2 and Figure 8).

5. Discussion

5.1. Depositional Age of the Gaixian Formation

It is widely acknowledged that the depositional age of a sedimentary unit must be younger than the youngest detrital zircon within that unit [79]. Our zircon U–Pb dating results therefore provide constraints on the depositional age of the Gaixian Formation. The peak age of the youngest zircon group and the youngest single zircon age are ca. 2.06 and ca. 2.0 Ga, respectively (Figure 6 and Figure 7). Thus, the depositional age of the Gaixian Formation in the Xiuyan–Dandong area is younger than ca. 2.0 Ga. Previous studies have obtained similar constraints from detrital zircon ages; for example, Zhang et al. [80] reported a youngest zircon age for the Gaixian Formation in the Dandong area of ca. 2.01 Ga, and a metamorphic age of 1.91–1.86 Ga. Samples from the Gaixian Formation in the Xiuyan–Dandong area have a youngest zircon age of ca. 2.0 Ga, with a metamorphic age of ca. 1.85 Ga [36,37].
Several previous studies have constrained the timing of deposition of the Gaixian Formation in other areas of the Liaodong Peninsula, such as the Haicheng, Kuandian, and Caohekou areas. Wan et al. [81] reported a youngest zircon age from the Gaixian Formation in the Haicheng area of ca. 2.02 Ga. The youngest zircon age obtained from the Gaixian Formation in the Caohekou area is ca. 1.98 Ga, with a metamorphic age of ca. 1.9 Ga [26,35,82]. The Gaixian Formation in the Kuandian area has a youngest zircon age of ca. 2.02 Ga, with a metamorphic age of 1.91–1.86 Ga [83].
In conclusion, the youngest detrital zircon ages and the regional metamorphic ages reported above constrain the deposition age of the Gaixian Formation in different parts of the Liaodong Peninsula to a consistent 2.0–1.9 Ga.

5.2. Provenance of the Gaixian Formation

U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons record information about the tectonothermal history of the source rocks and can therefore be used to trace sedimentary provenance [39,40,84]. Although the Gaixian Formation on the Liaodong Peninsula shows a consistent depositional age across different areas, these areas record different and complicated provenance signals (Figure 9a–e). Age frequency histograms show that the Gaixian Formation in areas close to the southern margin of the LGB (e.g., the Haicheng and Gaizhou areas) are characterized by unimodal Paleoproterozoic ages (Figure 9a,b). In comparison, Neoarchaean detrital zircon ages of the Gaixian Formation increase in proportion towards the northern margin of the NRB (e.g., the Xiuyan, Dandong, and Kuandian areas; Figure 9c–e), where the detrital zircon ages show a distinct bimodal pattern, with peaks at ca. 2.1 and ca. 2.5 Ga (Figure 9c–e).
Previous studies have shown that the JLJB underwent intensive magmatism during 2.2–2.1 Ga, including the Liaoji granites [6,7,14,15,85,86,87,88,89,90] and the coeval meta-volcanic rocks of the Li’eryu Formation [6,21,83,91]. However, despite their suitable age, the 2.2–2.1 Ga Liaoji granites were unlikely to have been the source of the Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks of the Gaixian Formation, as the JLJB was under continuous extension before the collision occurred at ca. 1.9 Ga [8], meaning that the intrusive Liaoji granites could not have been exhumed and eroded before ca. 2.0 Ga. Conversely, the 2.2–2.1 Ga volcanic rocks of the Li’eryu Formation are a more likely source for the Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks. It should be noted that the Gaixian Formation at locations near the LGB contains minor Neoarchaean detrital zircon ages (Figure 9a,b), suggesting that the Archaean basement of the LGB might have been covered by Paleoproterozoic rift-related volcanic rocks and subsequent strata during the deposition of the Gaixian Formation.
The LGB and NRB are both characterized by widespread Neoarchaean rocks, including TTG, granite, and diorite [13,14,51,52,54,55,76]. In contrast to the NRB, the LGB preserves considerable pre-Neoarchaean rocks in the Anshan–Benxi area [1,41,42,46,47,48,49,50], which is adjacent to the northern boundary of the JLJB (Figure 1). As mentioned above, the Gaixian Formation in the Xiuyan, Dandong, and Kuandian areas yields high proportions of Neoarchaean detrital zircon ages but only minor pre-Neoarchaean ages (Figure 9c–e). Considering that the LGB was unlikely to have been a source of sediment for the Gaixian Formation in the northern JLJB, it therefore also may not have supplied sediment to the southern JLJB. In addition, the scarcity of pre-Neoarchaean detrital zircons in the Gaixian Formation in the Xiuyan, Dandong, and Kuandian areas suggests that the NRB rather than the LGB provided the Neoarchaean clastic grains.
In summary, the Archaean basement of the NRB and the Paleoproterozoic volcanic rocks of the Li’eryu Formation were the main sedimentary sources for the Gaixian Formation on the Liaodong Peninsula.
Minerals 12 00792 g009 550
Figure 9. 207Pb/206Pb U–Pb Ages histograms. (a–e) Ages for detrital zircons from different areas of the Gaixian Formation. (f–j) Ages for detrital zircons from different formations of the Liaohe Group. Yellow bar is metamorphic age, purple bar is crystallization age. Previous data were compiled from the studies of [6,9,12,13,21,28,30,31,35,36,37,38,68,69,72,80,81,92,93].
Figure 9. 207Pb/206Pb U–Pb Ages histograms. (a–e) Ages for detrital zircons from different areas of the Gaixian Formation. (f–j) Ages for detrital zircons from different formations of the Liaohe Group. Yellow bar is metamorphic age, purple bar is crystallization age. Previous data were compiled from the studies of [6,9,12,13,21,28,30,31,35,36,37,38,68,69,72,80,81,92,93].
Minerals 12 00792 g009

5.3. Implication for the Tectonic Evolution of the JLJB

The JLJB underwent a complicated tectonic evolution during the Paleoproterozoic (2.2–1.8 Ga). Previous studies have revealed three major Paleoproterozoic magmatic events on the Liaodong Peninsula: 2.20–2.16 Ga granitoids [6,7,15,85,86,88,90,94,95,96,97]; 2.15–2.10 Ga mafic dykes [18,71,98,99]; and 1.9–1.8 Ga granitoids [5,100,101,102,103,104]. The 2.20–2.16 Ga A-type granitoids and 2.15–2.10 Ga mafic dykes are widely accepted to be products of rifting [6,7,11,15,90,105], and the 1.9–1.8 Ga granitoids are considered to have formed in response to collision and collapse associated with intense regional metamorphism [5,102,104]. However, because of the period of magmatic quiescence at 2.1–1.9 Ga, the manner in which the JLJB evolved from the earlier rifting to the final collision is not well constrained. The period of development of the Liaohe Group (2.2–1.9 Ga) coincides with this magmatic gap and therefore should provide critical information regarding the evolution of the JLJB during this time interval.
Detrital zircon ages of the lowest part of the Langzishan Formation display a unimodal shape and yield a single Neoarchaean age group with a peak of ca. 2.53 Ga in the age histogram (Figure 9j). The minor ca. 2.2 Ga zircons are thought to have been sourced from early volcanic rocks [106]. This age spectrum suggests that the Langzishan Formation might represent the earliest intracontinental rift-related sediments [107]. Subsequently, the intracontinental rift underwent strong magmatism at 2.20–2.16 Ga (Figure 9i), forming resultant widespread volcanic rocks of the Li’eryu Formation and intrusive A-type granites [6,7,88,90,95,97]. Under continuing extension, the rift probably evolved into a stable passive continental margin along its northern boundary, with deposition of a suite of turbidite (i.e., the Gaojiayu Formation [108]) and carbonate rocks (i.e., the Dashiqiao Formation). During the depositional of the Gaojiayu and Dashiqiao formations, the interior Neoarchaean basement of the LGB and the 2.20–2.16 Ga rift volcanoes were the main provenances (Figure 9h,g). In addition, the ca. 1.9 Ga high-pressure pelitic granulite [109] and ca. 1.95 Ga subduction-related adakitic granite [5] recently identified in the JLJB suggest that the rift might have evolved into the formation of a limited oceanic crust that separated the LGB and NRB and allowed the ensuing subduction to occur [2]. During the deposition of the Gaixian Formation (i.e., 2.0–1.9 Ga), the extensional basin shrank under a convergent margin setting as a result of the subduction [26], with mainly terrigenous clastic sediments being deposited, which were provided by Archaean basement of the NRB and Paleoproterozoic volcanic rocks of the Li’eryu Formation (Figure 9f). Considering the spatial variability in the provenance of the Gaixian Formation, the southeastern region (including the Xiuyan–Dandong area) of the Liaodong Peninsula might be part of the NRB. The Xiuyan–Dandong area also lacks the typical carbonate-dominant Dashiqiao Formation and the Gaojiayu Formation, which were deposited in the passive continental margin of the LGB (Figure 1b). Subsequently, the LGB and NRB collided at 1.90–1.85 Ga to form the JLJB, with accompanying greenschist- to granulite-facies metamorphism and subsequent post-collision magmatism [33,56,57,58,110,111,112].
In summary, evidence from magmatism, metamorphism, and sediments suggests that the JLJB likely underwent a successive process of rifting–subduction–collision during 2.2–1.8 Ga.

5.4. Zircon Hf Isotope Constraints on Crustal Growth of the Eastern Block

Zircon Hf isotopes have been proven to be an excellent geochemical tracer of magma sources and petrogenetic processes and, therefore, they can help constrain crustal growth [64,113]. To establish the history of crustal growth in the JLJB and adjacent LGB and NRB, we compiled available zircon Hf isotope data for the Liaohe Group, 2.2–2.1 Ga granitoids, 2.15–2.10 Ga mafic dykes, and the Archaean basement of the LGB and NRB on the Liaodong Peninsula (Figure 8 and Figure 10a–f).
The compiled data for detrital zircons of the Liaohe Group display two age peaks at ca. 2.5 and ca. 2.17 Ga, and their Hf isotopes yield TDM2 model ages varying from ca. 4.0 to ca. 2.2 Ga, with a peak at 3.0–2.5 Ga (Figure 10a). In comparison, 2.2–2.1 Ga zircons of the Liaoji granitoids have TDM2 model ages varying from ca. 2.9 to ca. 2.2 Ga with a peak at 2.7–2.5 Ga (Figure 10b). Zircons of the 2.15–2.10 Ga mafic rocks on the Liaodong Peninsula yield TDM1 model ages of 2.4–2.1 Ga with a peak at ca. 2.2 Ga (Figure 10c). We infer from the combined data for the Liaohe Group, 2.2–2.1 granites, and 2.15–2.10 Ga mafic rocks of the JLJB that the JLJB underwent a degree of juvenile crustal growth and substantial crustal recycling during the rifting stage at 2.2–2.1 Ga (Figure 8 and Figure 10d).
The LGB and NRB are both composed mainly of ca. 2.5 Ga TTG rocks and may share a similar history of crustal growth. Neoarchaean zircons from both the LGB and NRB display variable and mostly positive εHf(t) values (Figure 8). Zircon TDM2 model ages of the LGB and NRB both range from 4.0 to 2.5 Ga with a peak at 2.9–2.5 Ga (Figure 10e,f). Therefore, the LGB and NRB are inferred to have undergone substantial crustal growth at 2.9–2.5 Ga, as well as intensive crustal recycling at the end of the Neoarchaean (Figure 8). The Hf isotopic information recorded in the JLJB is consistent with those of the LGB and NRB. In conclusion, the LGB and NRB underwent pronounced crustal growth at 2.9–2.5 Ga and extensive crustal recycling at ca. 2.5 Ga, and the JLJB underwent a degree of crustal growth and strong recycling of ancient crust at ca. 2.2 Ga.

6. Conclusions

(1)
The timing of deposition of the Gaixian Formation in the JLJB on the Liaodong Peninsula, eastern North China Craton, can be constrained to 2.0–1.9 Ga on the basis of detrital zircon ages and the timing of regional metamorphism.
(2)
Detrital zircon ages of the Gaixian Formation yield two peaks at ca. 2.5 and ca. 2.2 Ga. The Archaean basement of the NRB and volcanic rocks of the Li’eryu Formation were the two main provenances of the Gaixian Formation.
(3)
The JLJB likely underwent rifting–subduction–collision involving intracontinental rifting, extension leading to the formation of a small ocean, southward subduction, and final collision of the LGB and NRB.
(4)
The JLJB underwent a degree of crustal growth at ca. 2.2 Ga, and the LGB and NRB underwent substantial crustal growth at 2.9–2.5 Ga.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/min12070792/s1, Supplementary Table S1: LA-ICP-MS U-Pb data of zircons from the Gaixian Formation; Supplementary Table S2: Lu-Hf isotopic analyses of zircons from the Gaixian Formation.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.Y. and J.L.; methodology, H.Y. and J.L.; software, H.Y.; validation, J.L. and Y.H.; formal analysis, J.L.; investigation, H.Y., J.L., C.C., C.Z., H.Z. and Y.D.; data curation, H.Y.; writing—original draft preparation, H.Y.; writing—review and editing, J.L., Z.H. and Z.L.; project administration, J.L.; funding acquisition, J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42172212 and 41902191).

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the thorough and constructive comments from anonymous reviewers. The staff of Yandu Zhongshi Geological Analysis Laboratories of China are thanked for their assistance with zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope analysis.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Liu, D.Y.; Nutman, A.P.; Compston, W.; Wu, J.S.; Shen, Q.H. Remnants of ≥3800 Ma crust in the Chinese part of the Sino-Korean Craton. Geology 1992, 20, 339–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Zhao, G.C.; Cawood, P.A.; Li, S.Z.; Wilde, S.A.; Sun, M.; Zhang, J.; He, Y.H.; Yin, C.Q. Amalgamation of the North China Craton: Key issues and discussion. Precambrian Res. 2012, 222–223, 55–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Zhao, G.C.; Sun, M.; Wilde, S.A.; Li, S.Z. Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton: Key issues revisited. Precambrian Res. 2005, 136, 177–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Zhao, G.C.; Wilde, S.A.; Cawood, P.A.; Sun, M. Archean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton: Lithological, geochemical, structural and P-T path constraints and tectonic evolution. Precambrian Res. 2001, 107, 45–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Liu, J.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Z.H.; Yin, C.Q.; Xu, Z.Y.; Cheng, C.Q.; Zhao, C.; Wang, X. Late Paleoproterozoic crustal thickening of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton: Insights from ca. 1.95-1.88 Ga syn-collisional adakitic granites. Precambrian Res. 2021, 355, 106120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Liu, J.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Z.; Yin, C.; Zhao, C.; Li, Z.; Yang, Z.; Dou, S. Geochemical and geochronological study on the Paleoproterozoic rock assemblage of the Xiuyan region: New constraints on an integrated rift and collision tectonic process involving the evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2018, 310, 179–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Liu, J.; Zhang, J.; Yin, C.; Cheng, C.; Liu, X.; Zhao, C.; Chen, Y.; Wang, X. Synchronous A-type and adakitic granitic magmatism at ca. 2.2 Ga in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton: Implications for rifting triggered by lithospheric delamination. Precambrian Res. 2020, 342, 105629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Li, S.Z.; Zhao, G.C.; Sun, M.; Han, Z.Z.; Luo, Y.; Hao, D.F.; Xia, X.P.; Wilde, S.A. Deformation history of the Paleoproterozoic Liaohe assemblage in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2005, 24, 659–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Xu, W.; Liu, F.L. Geochronological and geochemical insights into the tectonic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, Sino-Korean Craton. Earth Sci. Rev. 2019, 193, 162–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Li, S.Z.; Zhao, G.C.; Santosh, M.; Liu, X.; Dai, L.M.; Suo, Y.H.; Yuk, T.P.; Song, M.C.; Wang, P.C. Paleoproterozoic structural evolution of the southern segment of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2012, 200–203, 59–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Zhang, Q.S.; Yang, Z.S. Early Crust and Mineral Deposits of Liaodong Peninsula; Geological Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1988. [Google Scholar]
  12. Luo, Y.; Sun, M.; Zhao, G.C.; Li, S.Z.; Xu, P.; Ye, K.; Xia, X.P. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon ages of the Liaohe Group in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton: Constraints on the evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt. Precambrian Res. 2004, 134, 349–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Luo, Y.; Sun, M.; Zhao, G.C.; Li, S.Z.; Ayers, J.C.; Xia, X.P.; Zhang, J.H. A comparison of U/Pb and Hf isotopic compositions of detrital zircons from the north and south Liaohe groups: Constraints on the evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2008, 163, 279–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Li, S.Z.; Zhao, G.C.; Sun, M.; Han, Z.Z.; Zhao, G.T.; Hao, D.F. Are the south and north Liaohe Groups of North China Craton different exotic terranes? Nd isotope constraints. Gondwana Res. 2006, 9, 198–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Li, S.Z.; Zhao, G.C. SHRIMP U/Pb zircon geochronology of the Liaoji granitoids: Constraints on the evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2007, 158, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Lan, T.G.; Fan, H.R.; Yang, K.F.; Cai, Y.C.; Wen, B.J.; Zhang, W. Geochronology, mineralogy and geochemistry of alkali-feldspar granite and albite granite association from the Changyi area of Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt: Implications for Paleoproterozoic rifting of eastern North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2015, 266, 86–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Wang, X.P.; Peng, P.; Wang, C.; Yang, S.Y.; Soderlund, U.; Su, X.D. Nature of three episodes of Paleoproterozoic magmatism (2180 Ma, 2115 Ma and 1890 Ma) in the Liaoji Belt, North China with implications for tectonic evolution. Precambrian Res. 2017, 298, 252–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Wang, X.P.; Peng, P.; Wang, C.; Yang, S.Y. Petrogenesis of the 2115 Ma Haicheng mafic sills from the eastern North China Craton: Implications for an intra-continental rifting. Gondwana Res. 2016, 39, 347–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Bai, J. The Precambrian Geology and Pb-Zn Mineralization in the Northern Margin of North China Platform; Geological Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1993. [Google Scholar]
  20. Faure, M.; Lin, W.; Monie, P.; Bruguier, O. Palaeoproterozoic arc magmatism and collision in Liaodong Peninsula (north-east China). Terra Nova 2004, 16, 75–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Li, Z.; Chen, B. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Paleoproterozoic meta-basalts from the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton: Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting. Precambrian Res. 2014, 255, 653–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Meng, E.; Liu, F.L.; Liu, P.H.; Liu, C.H.; Yang, H.; Wang, F.; Shi, J.R.; Cai, J. Petrogenesis and tectonic significance of Paleoproterozoic meta-mafic rocks from central Liaodong Peninsula, northeast China: Evidence from zircon U-Pb dating and in situ Lu-Hf isotopes, and whole-rock geochemistry. Precambrian Res. 2014, 247, 92–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Meng, E.; Wang, C.Y.; Yang, H.; Cai, J.; Ji, L.; Li, Y.G. Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks in the Ji’an Group and constraints on the formation and evolution of the northern segment of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, China. Precambrian Res. 2017, 294, 133–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Meng, E.; Wang, C.Y.; Li, Y.G.; Li, Z.; Yang, H.; Cai, J.; Ji, L.; Jin, M.Q. Zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic and whole rock geochemical studies of Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the northern segment of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, China: Implications for provenance and regional tectonic evolution. Precambrian Res. 2017, 298, 472–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Li, Z.; Chen, B.; Wang, J.L. Geochronological framework and geodynamic implications of mafic magmatism in the Liaodong Peninsula and adjacent Regions, North China Craton. Acta Geol. Sin. 2016, 90, 138–153, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Li, Z.; Chen, B.; Wei, C.; Wang, C.; Han, W. Provenance and tectonic setting of the Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks from the Liaohe Group, Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton: Insights from detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock Sm-Nd isotopes, and geochemistry. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2015, 111, 711–732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Li, Z.; Chen, B.; Wei, C. Is the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt (North China Craton) a rift? Int. J. Earth Sci. 2017, 106, 355–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Li, Z.; Chen, B.; Yan, X.L. The Liaohe Group: An insight into the Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2019, 326, 174–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Zhu, K.; Liu, Z.H.; Xu, Z.Y.; Wang, X.A.; Cui, W.L.; Hao, Y.J. Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of two types of Liaoji Granitoid in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2019, 331, 105369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Wang, F.; Liu, F.L.; Schertl, H.P.; Xu, W.; Liu, P.H.; Tian, Z.H. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes of the Liaohe Group, Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt: Implications for the Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution. Precambrian Res. 2020, 340, 105633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Yang, C.W.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, L.F.; Zhang, C.; Yang, H.X.; Lu, T.J.; Liu, J.L. Detrital zircon constraints on tectonic evolution of the Liaodong Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt, North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2021, 362, 106152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Liu, J.H.; Wang, X.J.; Chen, H. Intracontinental extension and geodynamic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton: Insights from coeval A-type granitic and mafic magmatism in eastern Liaoning Province. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2021, 133, 1765–1792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Liu, F.L.; Liu, P.H.; Wang, F.; Liu, C.H.; Cai, J. Progresses and overviews of voluminous meta-sedimentary series within the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt, North China Craton. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2015, 31, 2816–2846, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  34. Liu, C.H.; Zhao, G.C.; Liu, F.L.; Cai, J. The southwestern extension of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt in the North China Craton: Geochronological and geochemical evidence from the Wuhe Group in the Bengbu area. Lithos 2018, 304–307, 258–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Li, Z.; Chen, B.; Liu, J.W.; Zhang, L.; Yang, C. Zircon U-Pb ages and their implications for the South Liaohe Group in the Liaodong Peninsula, Northeast China. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2015, 31, 1589–1605, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  36. Wang, F.; Liu, F.L.; Schertl, H.P.; Liu, P.H.; Ji, L.; Xu, W. Diversity of zircon U-Pb geochronology of meta-sedimentary rocks from the Gaixian Formation, South Liaohe Group, Jiao-Liao-Ji belt: Implications for different provenance and crustal evolution. Precambrian Res. 2021, 362, 106317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Wang, F.; Liu, F.L.; Liu, P.H.; Cai, J.; Ji, L.; Liu, L.S.; Tian, Z.H. Redefinition of the Gaixian Formation of the South Liaohe group: Evidence from the detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of metamorphosed sandstone in Huanghuadian-Suzigou area, the southern Liaoning Province. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2018, 34, 1219–1228, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  38. Wang, F.; Liu, F.L.; Liu, P.H.; Cai, J.; Schertl, H.P.; Ji, L.; Liu, L.S.; Tian, Z.H. In situ zircon U/Pb dating and whole rock geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks from South Liaohe Group, Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic belt: Constraints on the depositional and metamorphic ages, and implications for tectonic setting. Precambrian Res. 2017, 303, 764–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Andersen, T. Detrital zircons as tracers of sedimentary provenance: Limiting conditions from statistics and numerical simulation. Chem. Geol. 2005, 216, 249–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Dickinson, W.R.; Gehrels, G.E. Use of U-Pb ages of detrital zircons to infer maximum depositional ages of strata: A test against a Colorado Plateau Mesozoic database. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 288, 115–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Wan, Y.S.; Liu, D.Y.; Nutman, A.; Zhou, H.Y.; Dong, C.Y.; Yin, X.Y.; Ma, M.Z. Multiple 3.8-3.1 Ga tectono-magmatic events in a newly discovered area of ancient rocks (the Shengousi Complex), Anshan, North China Craton. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2012, 54–55, 18–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Wan, Y.S.; Ma, M.Z.; Dong, C.Y.; Xie, H.Q.; Xie, S.W.; Ren, P.; Liu, D.Y. Widespread late Neoarchean reworking of Meso- to Paleoarchean continental crust in the Anshan-Benxi area, North China Craton, as documented by U-Pb-Nd-Hf-O isotopes. Am. J. Sci. 2015, 315, 620–670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Wang, W.; Liu, S.W.; Cawood, P.A.; Bai, X.; Guo, R.R.; Guo, B.R.; Wang, K. Late Neoarchean subduction-related crustal growth in the Northern Liaoning region of the North China Craton: Evidence from ∼2.55 to 2.50 Ga granitoid gneisses. Precambrian Res. 2016, 281, 200–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  44. Wang, W.; Cawood, P.A.; Liu, S.W.; Guo, R.R.; Bai, X.; Wang, K. Cyclic formation and stabilization of Archean lithosphere by accretionary orogenesis: Constraints from TTG and potassic granitoids, North China Craton. Tectonics 2017, 36, 1724–1742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Wang, W.; Liu, S.W.; Santosh, M.; Wang, G.H.; Bai, X.; Guo, R.R. Neoarchean intra-oceanic arc system in the western Liaoning Province: Implications for early Precambrian crustal evolution in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton. Earth Sci. Rev. 2015, 150, 329–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Liu, D.Y.; Wilde, S.A.; Wan, Y.S.; Wu, J.S.; Zhou, H.Y.; Dong, C.Y.; Yin, X.Y. New U-Pb and Hf isotopic data confirm Anshan as the oldest preserved segment of the North China Craton. Am. J. Sci. 2008, 308, 200–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Liu, J.; Liu, Z.H.; Zhao, C.; Wang, C.J.; Peng, Y.B.; Han, Z. Petrogenesis and zircon LA-ICP-MS U/Pb dating of newly discovered Mesoarchean gneisses on the northern margin of the North China Craton. Int. Geol. Rev. 2017, 59, 1575–1589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Dong, C.Y.; Wan, Y.S.; Xie, H.Q.; Nutman, A.P.; Xie, S.W.; Liu, S.J.; Ma, M.Z.; Liu, D.Y. The Mesoarchean Tiejiashan-Gongchangling potassic granite in the Anshan-Benxi area, North China Craton: Origin by recycling of Paleo- to Eoarchean crust from U-Pb-Nd-Hf-O isotopic studies. Lithos 2017, 290–291, 116–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Wan, Y.S.; Song, B.; Liu, D.Y.; Yang, C.; Zhang, Q.D.; Yang, C.H.; Geng, Y.S.; Shen, Q.H. Geochronology and geochemistry of 3.8-2.5 Ga ancient rock belt in the Anshan area, Liaoning, China. Acta Gelogica Sin. 2001, 75, 363–370. [Google Scholar]
  50. Wan, Y.S.; Song, B.; Yang, C.; Liu, D.Y. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of Archaean rocks from the Fushun-Qingyuan Area, Liaoning Province and its geological significance. Acta Geol. Sin. 2005, 79, 78–87, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  51. Zhai, M.G.; Zhang, X.H.; Zhang, Y.B.; Wu, F.Y.; Peng, P.; Li, Q.L.; Li, Z.; Guo, J.H.; Li, T.S.; Zhao, L.; et al. The geology of North Korea: An overview. Earth Sci. Rev. 2019, 194, 57–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Zhao, G.C.; Cao, L.; Wilde, S.A.; Sun, M.; Choe, W.J.; Li, S.Z. Implications based on the first SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating on Precambrian granitoid rocks in North Korea. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 251, 365–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Zhao, L.; Zhang, Y.B.; Yang, J.H.; Han, R.Y.; Jongnam, K. Archean rocks at the southeastern margin of the Rangnim massif, northern Korean Peninsula, and their response to Paleoproterozoic tectonothermal event. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2016, 32, 2948–2964, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  54. Zhao, L.; Zhai, M.G.; Nutman, A.P.; Oh, C.; Bennett, V.C.; Zhang, Y.B. Archean basement components and metamorphic overprints of the Rangnim Massif in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and tectonic implications for the Sino-Korean Craton. Precambrian Res. 2020, 344, 105735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Wang, M.J.; Liu, S.W.; Fu, J.H.; Wang, K.; Guo, R.R.; Guo, B.R.; Liu, F.L.; Zhang, J.; Liu, C.H. Neoarchean DTTG gneisses in southern Liaoning Province and their constraints on crustal growth and the nature of the Liao-Ji Belt in the Eastern Block. Precambrian Res. 2017, 303, 183–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Li, S.Z.; Liu, Y.J.; Yang, Z.S.; Ma, R. Continental dynamics and regional metamorphism of the Liaohe Group in Liaoning, China. Geological Review. 2001, 47, 9–18, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  57. Cai, J.; Liu, F.L.; Liu, P.H.; Wang, F.; Meng, E.; Wang, W.; Yang, H.; Ji, L.; Liu, L.S. Discovery of granulite facies metamorphic rocks in the Ji’an area, northeastern Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton: Metamorphic P-T evolution and geological implications. Precambrian Res. 2017, 303, 626–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Liu, P.H.; Liu, F.L.; Tian, Z.H.; Cai, J.; Ji, L.; Wang, F. Petrological and geochronological evidence for Paleoproterozoic granulite-facies metamorphism of the South Liaohe Group in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2019, 327, 121–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Liu, Y.S.; Hu, Z.C.; Zong, K.Q.; Gao, C.G.; Gao, S.; Xu, J.; Chen, H.H. Reappraisement and refinement of zircon U-Pb isotope and trace element analyses by LA-ICP-MS. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2010, 55, 1535–1546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Liu, Y.S.; Gao, S.; Hu, Z.C.; Gao, C.G.; Zong, K.Q.; Wang, D.B. Continental and oceanic crust recycling-induced melt-peridotite interactions in the Trans-North China Orogen: U-Pb dating, Hf isotopes and trace elements in zircons from mantle xenoliths. J. Petrol. 2010, 51, 537–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Wu, F.Y.; Yang, Y.H.; Xie, L.W.; Yang, J.H.; Xu, P. Hf isotopic compositions of the standard zircons and baddeleyites used in U/Pb geochronology. Chem. Geol. 2006, 234, 105–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Bouvier, A.; Vervoort, J.D.; Patchett, P.J. The Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic composition of CHUR: Constraints from unequilibrated chondrites and implications for the bulk composition of terrestrial planets. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 273, 48–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Hou, K.J.; Li, Y.H.; Zou, T.R.; Qu, X.M.; Shi, Y.R.; Xie, G.Q. Laser ablation-MC-ICP-MS technique for Hf isotope microanalysis of zircon and its geological applications. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2007, 23, 2595–2604, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  64. Wu, F.Y.; Li, X.H.; Zheng, Y.F.; Gao, S. Lu-Hf isotopic systematics and their applications in petrology. Acta Petrologica Sinica 2007, 23, 185–220, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  65. Kundsen, T.L.; Griffin, W.L.; Hartz, E.H.; Andresen, A.; Jackson, S.E. In-situ hafnium and lead isotope analyses of detrital zircons from the Devonian sedimentary basin of NE Greenland: A record of repeated crustal reworking. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2001, 141, 83–94. [Google Scholar]
  66. Amelin, Y.; Lee, D.C.; Halliday, A.N. Early-middle Archaean crustal evolution deduced from Lu-Hf and U-Pb isotopic studies of single zircon grains. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64, 4205–4225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Yuan, L.L.; Zhang, X.H.; Xue, F.H.; Han, C.M.; Chen, H.H.; Zhai, M.G. Two episodes of Paleoproterozoic mafic intrusions from Liaoning province, North China Craton: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Precambrian Res. 2015, 264, 119–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Meng, E.; Wang, C.Y.; Liu, C.H.; Shi, J.R.; Li, Y.G. Geochronology, petrogenesis and constraints on regional tectonic evolution of the meta-volcanic rocks in southeastern Liaodong Peninsula. J. Jilin Univ. 2017, 47, 1589–1619, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  69. Bi, J.H.; Ge, W.C.; Xing, D.H.; Yang, H.; Dong, Y.; Tian, D.X.; Chen, H.J. Palaeoproterozoic meta-rhyolite and meta-dacite of the Liaohe Group, Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton: Petrogenesis and implications for tectonic setting. Precambrian Res. 2018, 314, 306–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Bi, J.; Xing, D.; Ge, W.; Yang, H.; Dong, Y. Age and tectonic setting of meta-acid volcanic rocks from the North Liaohe Group in the Liaodong area: Paleoproterozoic intracontinental rift or active continental margin? Earth Sci. Front. 2018, 25, 295–308, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  71. Cheng, C.Q.; Zhang, J.; Liu, J.; Zhao, C.; Yin, C.Q.; Qian, J.H.; Gao, P.; Liu, X.G.; Chen, Y. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of ca. 2.1 Ga meta-mafic rocks in the central Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton: A consequence of intracontinental rifting or subduction? Precambrian Res. 2022, 370, 106553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Dong, Y.; Bi, J.H.; Xing, D.H.; Ge, W.C.; Yang, H.; Hao, Y.J.; Ji, Z.; Jing, Y. Geochronology and geochemistry of Liaohe Group and Liaoji granitoid in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton: Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic evolution. Precambrian Res. 2019, 332, 105399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Li, P.C.; Guo, W.; Guan, Q.B.; Liu, J.X. Late Neoarchean crustal growth in the northeast of the North China Craton: Evidence from the geochronology and Hf isotope composition of Banshigou supracrustal rocks. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2016, 32, 2839–2855, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  74. Wang, W.; Tian, Z.H.; Liu, F.L. The research progress of the Paleoarchean granite in the Gongchangling area: Evidence from geology and zircon U-Th-Pb-Hf isotopic composition. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 2022, 41, 359–370, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  75. Zhang, X.H.; Wang, H.Z.; Park, H.; Yang, J.; Kim, J. Basement affinity of the Kwanmo Massif, Korean Peninsula: Evidence from zircon U-Pb geochronology and petro-geochemistry of the Undokdong meta-intrusive complex. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2016, 32, 2965–2980, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  76. Meng, E.; Liu, F.L.; Liu, J.H.; Liu, P.H.; Cui, Y.; Liu, C.H.; Yang, H.; Wang, F.; Shi, J.R.; Kong, Q.B.; et al. Zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic constraints on Archean crustal evolution in the Liaonan Complex of northeast China. Lithos 2013, 177, 164–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Hui, Y.J.; Wu, F.Y.; Chung, S.L.; Wilde, S.A.; Chu, M.F. A hybrid origin for the Qianshan A-type granite, northeast China: Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic evidence. Lithos 2006, 89, 89–106. [Google Scholar]
  78. Yang, M.C.; Chen, B.; Yan, C. Paleoproterozoic Gneissic Granites in the Liaoji Mobile Belt, North China Craton: Implications for Tectonic Setting. In Main Tectonic Events and Metallogeny of the North China Craton; Springer: Singapore, 2016; pp. 155–180. [Google Scholar]
  79. Gehrels, G. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology applied to tectonics. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2014, 42, 127–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Zhang, S.; Zhu, G.; Gu, C.C.; Liu, C.; Li, Y.J.; Zhao, T.; Wang, W. Discussion on the southeastern boundary location of the Liao-Ji orogenic belt. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2017, 62, 2814–2828, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  81. Wan, Y.; Song, B.; Liu, D.; Wilde, S.A.; Wu, J.; Shi, Y.; Yin, X.; Zhou, H. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of Palaeoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the North China Craton: Evidence for a major Late Palaeoproterozoic tectonothermal event. Precambrian Res. 2006, 149, 249–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. Li, Z.; Wang, J.L.; Wang, M.; Zhang, L.; Liu, J.W.; Qian, J.H.; Yu, H.L. Redefinition of the Langzishan Formation in the North Liaohe Group. Adv. Geosci. 2014, 4, 397–403, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Wang, H.C.; Ren, Y.W.; Lu, S.N.; Kang, J.L.; Chu, H.; Yu, H.B.; Zhang, C.J. Stratigraphic units and tectonic setting of the Paleoproterozoic Liao-Ji orogen. Acta Geosci. Sin. 2015, 36, 583–598, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  84. Cawood, P.A.; Nemchin, A.A. Provenance record of a rift basin: U/Pb ages of detrital zircons from the Perth Basin, Western Australia. Sediment. Geol. 2000, 134, 209–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Chen, Z.G.; Zhu, K.; Liu, J.X.; Li, W.Q. Early Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of central Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt: Evidence from Muniuhe and Dafangshen plutons. Earth Sci. 2021, 46, 1710–1727, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  86. Yang, M.C.; Chen, B.; Yan, C. Petrogenesis of Paleoproterozoic gneissic granites from Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt of the North China Platform and their tectonic implications. J. Earth Sci. Environ. 2015, 37, 31–51. [Google Scholar]
  87. Lu, X.P.; Wu, F.Y.; Guo, J.H.; Wilde, S.A.; Yang, J.H.; Liu, X.M.; Zhang, X.O. Zircon U/Pb geochronological constraints on the Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the Eastern Block in the North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2006, 146, 138–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  88. Lu, X.P.; Wu, F.Y.; Zhang, Y.B.; Zhao, C.B.; Guo, C.L. Emplacement age and tectonic setting of the Paleoproterozoic Liaoji granites in Tonghua area, southern Jilin province. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2004, 20, 381–392, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  89. Hao, D.F.; Li, S.Z.; Zhao, G.C.; Sun, M.; Han, Z.Z.; Zhao, G.T. Origin and its constraint to tectonic evolution of Paleoproterozoic granitoids in the eastern Liaoning and Jilin province, North China. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2004, 20, 1409–1416, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  90. Wang, X.P.; PengOh, C.W.; Peng, P.; Zhai, M.G.; Wang, X.H.; Lee, B.Y. Distribution pattern of age and geochemistry of 2.18–2.14 Ga I- and A-type granites and their implication for the tectonics of the Liao-Ji belt in the North China Craton. Lithos 2020, 364–365, 105518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Chen, J.S.; Tian, D.X.; Xing, D.H.; Li, B.; Liu, M.; Yang, F.; Yang, Z.Z. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and its geological significance of the basic volcanic rocks from the Li’eryu Formation, Liaohe Group in Kuandian area, Liaoning Province. Earth Sci. 2020, 45, 3282–3294, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  92. Meng, E.; Liu, F.L.; Liu, P.H.; Liu, C.H.; Shi, J.R.; Kong, Q.B.; Lian, T. Depositional ages and tectonic implications for South Liaohe Group from Kuandian area in northeastern Liaodong Peninsula, Northeast China. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2013, 29, 2465–2480, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  93. Wang, F.; Liu, J.H.; Liu, C.H. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of metasedimentary rocks from the Li’eryu Formation of the South Liaohe Group in Sanjiazi area, the South Liaoning Province. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2017, 33, 2785–2791, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  94. Chen, B.; Li, Z.; Wang, J.; Zhang, L.; Yan, X. Liaodong peninsula ~2.2 Ga magmatic event and its geological significance. J. Jilin Univ. 2016, 46, 303–320, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  95. Wang, P.S.; Dong, Y.S.; Li, F.Q.; Gao, B.S.; Gan, Y.C.; Chen, M.S.; Xu, W. Paleoproterozoic granitic magmatism and geological significance in Huanghuadian area, eastern Liaoning Province. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2017, 33, 2708–2724, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  96. Zhao, Y.; Zhang, P.; Bi, Z.; Yang, Z.; Kou, L.; Gu, Y.; Yang, F. Geochronology and geochemistry of two types of Paleoproterozoic granites and their geological implications in the Xiuyan area, Liaodong Peninsula. Earth Sci. 2020, 45, 4072–4090, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  97. Wang, X.J.; Liu, J.H.; Ji, L. Zircon U-Pb chronology, geochemistry and their petrogenesis of Paleoproterozoic monzogranitic gneisses in Kuandian area, eastern Liaoning Province, Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2017, 33, 2689–2707, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  98. Xu, W.; Liu, F.L.; Tian, Z.H.; Liu, L.S.; Ji, L.; Dong, Y.S. Source and petrogenesis of Paleoproterozoic meta-mafic rocks intruding into the North Liaohe Group: Implications for back-arc extension prior to the formation of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2018, 307, 66–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  99. Xu, W.; Liu, F.L.; Santosh, M.; Liu, P.H.; Tian, Z.H.; Dong, Y.S. Constraints of mafic rocks on a Paleoproterozoic back-arc in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2018, 166, 195–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  100. Lu, X.; Wu, F.; Lin, J.; Sun, D.; Zhang, Y.; Guo, C. Geochronological successions of the early Precambrian granitic magmatism in southern Liaodong Peninsula and its constraints on tectonic evolution of the north China craton. Chin. J. Geol. 2004, 39, 123–138, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  101. Yang, J.H.; Wu, F.Y.; Xie, L.W.; Liu, X.M. Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Kuangdonggou syenites in the Liaodong peninsula, east North China Craton: Constraints from in-situ zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2007, 23, 263–276, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  102. Wang, X.H.; Oh, C.W.; Lee, B.C.; Liu, F.L. Paleoproterozoic postcollisional metamorphic and igneous activities in the Jinan area of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt in the North China Craton and their tectonic implications. Precambrian Res. 2020, 346, 105793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  103. Ren, Y.W.; Wang, H.C.; Kang, J.L.; Chu, H.; Tian, H. Paleoproterozoic magmatic events in the Hupiyu area in Yingkou, Liaoning Province and their geological significance. Acta Geol. Sin. 2017, 91, 2456–2472, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  104. Liu, F.L.; Liu, C.H.; Itano, K.; Iizuka, T.; Cai, J.; Wang, F. Geochemistry, U/Pb dating, and Lu-Hf isotopes of zircon and monazite of porphyritic granites within the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic belt: Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting. Precambrian Res. 2017, 300, 78–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  105. Sun, M.; Armstrong, R.L.; Lambert, R.S.J.; Jiang, C.C.; Wu, J.H. Petrochemistry and Sr, Pb and Nd isotopic geochemistry of the Paleoproterozoic Kuandian Complex, the eastern Liaoning Province, China. Precambrian Res. 1993, 62, 171–190. [Google Scholar]
  106. Xu, W.; Liu, F.L.; Liu, P.H.; Tian, Z.H.; Cai, J.; Wang, W.; Ji, L. Paleoproterozoic transition in tectonic regime recorded by the eastern block of the North China Craton: Evidence from detrital zircons of the Langzishan Formation, Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt. Int. Geol. Rev. 2020, 62, 168–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  107. Cawood, P.A.; Hawkesworth, C.J.; Dhuime, B. Detrital zircon record and tectonic setting. Geology 2012, 40, 875–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  108. Tian, Z.H.; Liu, F.L.; Yan, Z.; Liu, P.H.; Xu, W.; Liu, L.S.; Wen, F.; Xiao, W.J. Palaeoproterozoic turbidite deposition in the Liaodong Penisula, northeastern North China Craton-Constraints from the Gaojiayu Formation of the Liaohe Group. Precambrian Res. 2021, 352, 106008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  109. Zou, Y.; Zhai, M.G.; Mitchell, R.N.; Zhao, L.; Zhou, L.G.; Liu, B.; Wang, Y.Q.; Chen, M.D. Discovery of kyanite in typically cordierite/sillimanite-bearing low- to medium-pressure pelitic granulites from the Jiaobei Terrain, North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2020, 342, 105677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  110. Tam, P.Y.; Zhao, G.C.; Sun, M.; Li, S.Z.; Iizuka, Y.; Ma, G.S.; Yin, C.Q.; He, Y.H.; Wu, M.L. Metamorphic P-T path and tectonic implications of medium pressure pelitic granulites from the Jiaobei Massif in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Precambrian Res. 2012, 220–221, 177–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  111. Tam, P.Y.; Zhao, G.C.; Liu, F.L.; Zhou, X.W.; Sun, M.; Li, S.Z. Timing of metamorphism in the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt: New SHRIMP U/Pb zircon dating of granulites, gneisses and marbles of the Jiaobei Massif in the North China Craton. Gondwana Res. 2011, 19, 150–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  112. Tam, P.Y.; Zhao, G.C.; Zhou, X.W.; Sun, M.; Guo, J.H.; Li, S.Z.; Yin, C.Q.; Wu, M.L.; He, Y.H. Metamorphic P-T path and implications of high-pressure pelitic granulites from the Jiaobei Massif in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Gondwana Res. 2012, 22, 104–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  113. Kinny, P.D.; Maas, R. Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotope systems in zircon. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2003, 53, 327–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Minerals 12 00792 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) Sketch map showing the tectonic units of the North China Craton (after [3]). (b) Geological map of the region from the Liaodong Peninsula to southern Jilin Province (modified after [5]). Abbreviations: EB, Eastern Block; JLJB, Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt; LGB, LongGang Block; LJB, Lmjingang Belt; NRB, Nangrim Block; QZSZ, Qinglongshan-Zaoerling shear zone; SLB, Su-Lu ultrahigh-pressure belt; TNCO, Trans-North China Orogen; GB, Gyeonggi Block; WB, Western Block; YB, Yeongnam Block.
Figure 1. (a) Sketch map showing the tectonic units of the North China Craton (after [3]). (b) Geological map of the region from the Liaodong Peninsula to southern Jilin Province (modified after [5]). Abbreviations: EB, Eastern Block; JLJB, Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt; LGB, LongGang Block; LJB, Lmjingang Belt; NRB, Nangrim Block; QZSZ, Qinglongshan-Zaoerling shear zone; SLB, Su-Lu ultrahigh-pressure belt; TNCO, Trans-North China Orogen; GB, Gyeonggi Block; WB, Western Block; YB, Yeongnam Block.
Minerals 12 00792 g001
Minerals 12 00792 g002 550
Figure 2. Lithostratigraphic units of the Liaohe Group (after [8]).
Figure 2. Lithostratigraphic units of the Liaohe Group (after [8]).
Minerals 12 00792 g002
Minerals 12 00792 g003 550
Figure 3. Field photographs of meta-sedimentary rocks of the Gaixian Formation. (a,b) Field geological characteristics of the sample 19LJ16-1. (c,d) Field appearance of the sample 19LJ17-1. (e) Field appearance of the sample 19LJ22-1. (f,g) Field occurrence of the sample 19LJ23-1. (h,i) Banded structure of the sample 19LJ23-1.
Figure 3. Field photographs of meta-sedimentary rocks of the Gaixian Formation. (a,b) Field geological characteristics of the sample 19LJ16-1. (c,d) Field appearance of the sample 19LJ17-1. (e) Field appearance of the sample 19LJ22-1. (f,g) Field occurrence of the sample 19LJ23-1. (h,i) Banded structure of the sample 19LJ23-1.
Minerals 12 00792 g003
Minerals 12 00792 g004 550
Figure 4. Representative thin-section photomicrographs (cross-polarized light) of meta-sedimentary rocks from the Gaixian Formation. Abbreviations: Bt, biotite; Cal, calcite; Kfs, K-feldspar; Ms, muscovite; Pl, plagioclase; Qz, quartz.
Figure 4. Representative thin-section photomicrographs (cross-polarized light) of meta-sedimentary rocks from the Gaixian Formation. Abbreviations: Bt, biotite; Cal, calcite; Kfs, K-feldspar; Ms, muscovite; Pl, plagioclase; Qz, quartz.
Minerals 12 00792 g004
Minerals 12 00792 g005 550
Figure 5. Representative CL images of detrital zircons from meta-sedimentary rocks of the Gaixian Formation.
Figure 5. Representative CL images of detrital zircons from meta-sedimentary rocks of the Gaixian Formation.
Minerals 12 00792 g005
Minerals 12 00792 g006 550
Figure 6. 206Pb/235U vs. 207Pb/238U concordia diagrams with inset Th/U vs. Age diagrams, as well as 207Pb/206Pb Ages histograms, showing the results of U–Pb dating of zircons from samples 19LJ16-1, 19LJ17-1, and 19LJ22-1.
Figure 6. 206Pb/235U vs. 207Pb/238U concordia diagrams with inset Th/U vs. Age diagrams, as well as 207Pb/206Pb Ages histograms, showing the results of U–Pb dating of zircons from samples 19LJ16-1, 19LJ17-1, and 19LJ22-1.
Minerals 12 00792 g006
Minerals 12 00792 g007 550
Figure 7. 206Pb/235U vs. 207Pb/238U concordia diagrams with inset Th/U vs. Age diagrams, as well as 207Pb/206Pb Ages histograms, showing the results of U–Pb dating of zircons from samples 19LJ23-1 and 19LJ24-1.
Figure 7. 206Pb/235U vs. 207Pb/238U concordia diagrams with inset Th/U vs. Age diagrams, as well as 207Pb/206Pb Ages histograms, showing the results of U–Pb dating of zircons from samples 19LJ23-1 and 19LJ24-1.
Minerals 12 00792 g007
Minerals 12 00792 g008 550
Figure 8. Diagram of εHf(t) vs. Ages (Ma) for samples from the Liaodong Peninsula. Previous data were compiled from the studies of [22,42,43,54,55,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78].
Figure 8. Diagram of εHf(t) vs. Ages (Ma) for samples from the Liaodong Peninsula. Previous data were compiled from the studies of [22,42,43,54,55,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78].
Minerals 12 00792 g008
Minerals 12 00792 g010 550
Figure 10. Hf model age histograms for zircons from the Liaodong Peninsula. Previous data were compiled from the studies of [22,42,43,54,55,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78].
Figure 10. Hf model age histograms for zircons from the Liaodong Peninsula. Previous data were compiled from the studies of [22,42,43,54,55,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78].
Minerals 12 00792 g010
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yu, H.; Liu, J.; He, Z.; Liu, Z.; Cheng, C.; Hao, Y.; Zhao, C.; Zhang, H.; Dong, Y. Geochronology and Zircon Hf Isotope of the Paleoproterozoic Gaixian Formation in the Southeastern Liaodong Peninsula: Implication for the Tectonic Evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt. Minerals 2022, 12, 792. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12070792

AMA Style

Yu H, Liu J, He Z, Liu Z, Cheng C, Hao Y, Zhao C, Zhang H, Dong Y. Geochronology and Zircon Hf Isotope of the Paleoproterozoic Gaixian Formation in the Southeastern Liaodong Peninsula: Implication for the Tectonic Evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt. Minerals. 2022; 12(7):792. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12070792

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu, Hongchao, Jin Liu, Zhonghua He, Zhenghong Liu, Changquan Cheng, Yujie Hao, Chen Zhao, Hongxiang Zhang, and Yachao Dong. 2022. "Geochronology and Zircon Hf Isotope of the Paleoproterozoic Gaixian Formation in the Southeastern Liaodong Peninsula: Implication for the Tectonic Evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt" Minerals 12, no. 7: 792. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12070792

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop