Mapping Environmental Conflicts Using Spatial Text Mining
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Keyword | Freq | Keyword | Freq | Keyword | Freq | Keyword | Freq | Keyword | Freq |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Project | 253 | Construction | 68 | Jeju Island | 39 | Nuclear power plant | 33 | Restoration | 28 |
Region | 235 | Result | 66 | Conservation | 39 | Education | 33 | Law | 28 |
Environment | 175 | Organization | 64 | Composition | 39 | Waste | 32 | Public opinion | 28 |
Citizen | 175 | Ecology | 63 | Create | 38 | Destruction | 32 | Case | 28 |
Resident | 137 | Scale | 61 | Public-private | 38 | City of Incheon | 32 | Reinforcement | 28 |
Planning | 114 | Energy | 59 | Private | 38 | State | 32 | Permission | 27 |
Management | 113 | unit | 58 | Participation | 37 | Protection | 32 | Nuclear | 27 |
Park | 112 | Use | 55 | Nature | 37 | Public | 32 | Budget | 27 |
Problem | 109 | Development | 55 | Water quality | 37 | Decision | 32 | Plan | 27 |
Development | 108 | Installation | 53 | Opposition | 37 | Thermal | 31 | Open | 27 |
Carry forward | 100 | Prepare | 50 | Atmosphere | 37 | Applicable | 31 | Korean Federation for Environmental Movement | 26 |
Progress | 94 | Demand | 49 | Improvement | 37 | Review | 31 | Solution | 26 |
Investigation | 94 | Emission | 49 | Confirmation | 36 | Mud flat | 31 | Demolition | 26 |
Need | 93 | Process | 48 | Administration | 36 | Open | 31 | Responsibility | 26 |
Pollution | 93 | Operation | 46 | Surrounding | 36 | Conflict | 31 | Measure | 26 |
Measure | 89 | Suspension | 45 | Accident | 36 | Bring up | 30 | Vicinity | 26 |
Government | 87 | Enforcement | 45 | Damage | 35 | After | 30 | Land | 26 |
Fine dust | 85 | Announcement | 45 | Continue | 35 | Schedule | 30 | Factory | 26 |
City | 82 | Situation | 43 | Implementation | 35 | Living | 30 | Detection | 26 |
Construction | 82 | School | 42 | Standard | 35 | Nakdong River | 30 | Sunlight | 25 |
Power plant | 79 | Activity | 41 | Possibility | 35 | Shin-Kori nuclear power plant | 30 | Local government | 25 |
Society | 77 | Ministry of Environment | 41 | Harm | 34 | Verification | 30 | System | 25 |
Policy | 76 | Expansion | 41 | Evaluation | 34 | Chemistry | 29 | Purification | 25 |
Safety | 74 | Relation | 41 | Reduction | 34 | Consultation | 29 | Apartment | 25 |
Matter | 72 | Whole land | 40 | Asbestos | 34 | Site | 29 | Establishment | 25 |
Committee | 71 | Incheon | 40 | Dam | 34 | Health | 29 | Habitat | 25 |
Facility | 69 | Approximately | 40 | River | 33 | Designation | 28 | Industry | 25 |
Occurrence | 68 | Controversy | 40 | Treatment | 33 | Concern | 28 | Extinction | 25 |
Component | Initial Eigenvalue | Extraction Sums of Squared Load | Rotation Sums of Squared Load | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | % of Variance | Cumulant (%) | Total | % of Variance | Cumulant (%) | Total | % of Variance | Cumulant (%) | |
1 | 5.863 | 36.643 | 36.643 | 5.863 | 36.643 | 36.643 | 3.445 | 21.533 | 21.533 |
2 | 1.417 | 8.856 | 45.500 | 1.417 | 8.856 | 45.500 | 3.007 | 18.796 | 40.328 |
3 | 1.285 | 8.032 | 53.532 | 1.285 | 8.032 | 53.532 | 2.113 | 13.204 | 53.532 |
Factor | Subject Area | Factor Value | Keyword | Load | Major Conflict |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1: Sensitivity to “atmosphere” | Seoul | 0.742 | Citizen | 4.194 | The Seoul Federation for Environmental Movement states: “The government’s emergency reduction measures in response to high concentrations of fine dust are not practical in Seoul, where high concentrations of fine dust occur on a daily basis due to high standards for issuance. Vehicle regulation and reduced operation are limited to public administrative agencies, and the application standards and follow-up measures in case of violation are unclear. Fine dust in subways and stations is also very serious. Practical and effective measures are required that place citizens’ health first. Accordingly, Seoul Federation For Environmental Movement is conducting an intensive citizen action campaign urging additional measures against coal-fired electrical power plants and diesel vehicles, which are the main sources of fine dust.” |
Chungbuk | 0.674 | Region | 3.758 | ||
Gyeonggi | 0.673 | Fine dust | 3.614 | ||
Gwangju | 0.587 | Measure | 2.442 | ||
Jeonnam | 0.568 | Resident | 2.295 | ||
Chungnam | 0.567 | Power plant | 2.230 | ||
Gangwon | 0.562 | Park | 1.851 | ||
Project | 1.760 | ||||
Occurrence | 1.591 | ||||
Policy | 1.550 | ||||
Energy | 1.404 | ||||
Need | 1.237 | ||||
Planning | 1.037 | ||||
2: Sensitivity to “development” | Jeju | 0.723 | Project | 6.852 | The Jeju Federation for Environmental Movement stated: “Jeju OO recreational housing complex development project, which experienced promotion difficulties due to a Supreme Court decision, continues to be promoted by the greed of Jeju Island and OOO. In particular, despite the fact that various trial results acknowledge the fault of Jeju and OOO, the trial that is distressing local residents and landowners is continuing this year with no projected end. Along with criticism that legal costs are being wasted on the trial, which is certain to lose and which is not related to securing publicity or promoting the welfare of residents, there is growing demand to accept the ruling and return land to landowners. This demonstrates how bad development projects, such as OO recreational housing complex development project, can have a huge negative impact on the environment, society, and local economy.” |
Gyeongbuk | 0.671 | Development | 2.881 | ||
Jeonbuk | 0.608 | Law | 2.214 | ||
Gyeongnam | 0.571 | Facilitation | 2.183 | ||
Incheon | 0.412 | Region | 2.112 | ||
Planning | 1.768 | ||||
Jeju Island | 1.540 | ||||
Facility | 1.470 | ||||
Park | 1.438 | ||||
Investigation | 1.427 | ||||
Dam | 1.089 | ||||
City | 1.079 | ||||
Resident | 1.053 | ||||
Incheon | 1.027 | ||||
Pollution | 1.025 | ||||
Citizen | 4.405 | ||||
Safety | 3.001 | ||||
3: Sensitivity to “safety” | Ulsan | 0.821 | Construction | 2.707 | The Ulsan Federation for Environmental Movement stated: “Regarding the process of public discussion over Shin-Kori unit 5 and 6, in October, the citizen participatory deliberation process was completed, and the public opinion committee’s recommendations and the government’s final decision were made. The public discussion process was necessary, but insufficient. Each of the following problems had a profound effect on public discussion: pre-leakage of information packages and information stealing; participation of representative pro-nuclear personnel in the expert committee for objective verification; and, as a result, monopolization of the objective verification process, open intervention of government-funded research institutes, which are subordinate agencies of the state, inequality of distribution in Ulsan area, which is the affected area, and inequality for future generations. As Ulsan, which is the affected area, had the smallest citizen participation group (seven people), the anxiety within the area, which called for a safe society, was not properly conveyed to the citizen participatory group. Although the results that came out of the public discussion process are respectable, measures against damage to residents in the vicinity of the nuclear power plant should be presented, along with a declaration to reduce the construction of Shin-Kori unit 5 and 6.” |
Daegu | 0.670 | Unit | 2.415 | ||
Busan | 0.569 | Kori | 2.394 | ||
Daejeon | 0.486 | Asbestos | 1.921 | ||
Problem | 1.840 | ||||
Damage | 1.685 | ||||
Nakdong River | 1.555 | ||||
Government | 1.538 | ||||
Public opinion | 1.493 | ||||
Construction | 1.411 | ||||
Nuclear | 1.365 | ||||
Law | 1.290 | ||||
Project | 1.275 | ||||
Project | 1.250 | ||||
Demolition | 1.102 | ||||
Region | 1.065 |
Keyword | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Variance | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Management | 0.636 | 0.703 | 0.773 | 0.005 | 0.704 |
Group | 0.075 | 0.068 | −0.11 | 0.011 | 0.011 |
Progress | 0.784 | 0.389 | 0.648 | 0.04 | 0.607 |
Ecology | 0.253 | 0.356 | 0.751 | 0.069 | 0.453 |
Committee | −0.178 | 0.389 | −0.116 | 0.097 | 0.032 |
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Lee, J.-h.; Kim, D.-k. Mapping Environmental Conflicts Using Spatial Text Mining. Land 2020, 9, 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9090287
Lee J-h, Kim D-k. Mapping Environmental Conflicts Using Spatial Text Mining. Land. 2020; 9(9):287. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9090287
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jae-hyuck, and Do-kyun Kim. 2020. "Mapping Environmental Conflicts Using Spatial Text Mining" Land 9, no. 9: 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9090287