Landscape—A Review with a European Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Concept of Landscape—Birth and Definition
2.1. Origin and Etymology of the Word “Landscape”
2.2. Selected Landscape Theories
“We like the landscape because we like nature, and the landscape is the portrait of it”.[24], F. Paulhan, 2016, p. 5
“Only when I saw the Earth from space, in all its ineffable beauty and fragility, I realized that the most urgent task for humanity is to take care of it and preserve it for future generations”.[42], S. Jahn, December 2007, National Geographic Magazine
2.3. Landscape Legislation and the Question of Identity
“In the flesh of the landscape all the stigmata of the past are impressed and endured. Landscape is a memory and I can interrogate it”.[63], M. Corajoud in B. Cillo, 2008, p. 87
3. Landscape Mutation—Abandonment and Residual Spaces
3.1. Changed Landscape
The Case of the Quarry
- Open air: type of quarry used to extract deposits of mineral resources near the surface.
- Underground: requires equipment or workers to operate under the surface of the earth.
- Pit: type of open pit typical for flat areas, where mining is carried out along graded surfaces that extend downwards to below the level of the countryside [75].
3.2. Landscapes of Abandonment
3.2.1. The Friche Concept
3.2.2. Wasteland and the Notion of Terrain Vague
3.2.3. Drosscape as a Refuse Space
- Wastelandscape of dwelling (LOD): refers to voids of land that are integrally designed into housing developments, especially into walled or gate enclaves. These voids often have singular programmatic intentions (golf course, buffer zone, preservation area, trail system, etc.). There are two types of LOD voids: those that are outside and inside the enclave. “Outside” voids encircle the enclave as buffers and separators from adjacent development or other possible nuisance land uses that may affect the quality of life held by the dwellers of the enclave. “Inside” voids are designed, for example, to allow for public utility easements that cross throughout enclave territory. They serve the social, circulation, and recreation needs of their inhabitants.
- Wastelandscape of transition (LOT): reveals the transitory nature of capital investment and real estate speculation. Some LOTs are intentionally designed and built as transitional land uses, such as staging areas, storage yards, parking surfaces, transfer stations, etc.
- Wastelandscape of infrastructure (LIN): includes the landscape surfaces that are associated with the infrastructure, including easements, setbacks, and rights-of-way associated with transportation (such as highway corridors and interchanges), electric transmission, oil and gas pipelines, waterways, and railways.
- Wastelandscape of obsolescence (LOO): refers to the sites that are designed for accommodating consumer wastes. These include municipal-solid waste landfills, wastewater-treatment facilities, and “cars dismantlers”.
- Wastelandscape of exchange (LEX): refers to shopping centers and all those urban complexes where the commercial, but also catering, fitness, and entertainment functions are concentrated. They are boxes that are surrounded by parking lots and can only be reached via expressways. They generate many interstices, waste spaces, and often they become places of waste when they become unsuccessful and lose their economic value.
4. Re-Designing the Dead Landscape
4.1. Recycle and Reutilization of the Waste Material
“Rebuilding instead of building: building on, around, inside, on, with waste materials; to live in ruins instead of building; re-naturalize rather than re-urbanize”.[120], P. Ciorra in S. Marini, V. Santangelo, 2013, p. 13
4.2. Rehabilitation Concept—A Bridge Between Past and Present
“The only thing introduction that we can ever know for certain about the world is that which exists now or has existed in the past. To make something new we must start with what is or has been and change it in some way to make it fresh. How to make old things new, how to see something common and banal in a new and fresh way is the central problem”.[131], L. Olin, 1998, p. 159
“When we live in a place, make a home in it, a permanent investment, we are said to inhabit it. A good place is one in which we feel comfortable, that fits us like a pair of worn jeans”.[138], T. Waterman, 2009, p. 6
4.3. The Promotion of Art and Landscape Architecture in the Abandonment Territory
“Today one can very easily imagine that a polluted place produces a beautiful landscape and that in the opposite a non-polluted place is not necessarily beautiful”.[141], B. Lassus, 1991, p. 64
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Definition | Reference | Definition |
---|---|---|---|
(Corner, 2014) | There is nothing natural about landscape. It is a product of the imagination, anything that is previously imagined and afterwards represented in images. It is the result of an architectural project. | (Turri, 2003) | Social aspect of the landscape: it exists because there are those who look at it, giving it a meaning. |
(Simmel, 2007) | Landscape derives from nature, being a part of nature itself. | (Tilley, 1994) | The landscape is the artificial result of a culture that perpetually redefines its relationship with nature, in which the subject is entirely part of it. |
(Paulhan, 2016) | We like landscape because we like nature, and the landscape is the portrait of it. | (Cosgrove, 1998) | The social landscape has two ideal typical figures: the “Insider”, rooted inhabitant, and the “Outsider”, disinterested spectator. |
(Amiel, 1931) (Soares, 1982) | Landscape is a state of the soul. | (Poli, 2002) | In the social landscape she also describes the figure of “care- taker”, he who takes care of the places by choice. |
(Lettini & Maffei, 1999); (Andreotti, 1996, 1998) | Inner landscape: relations that unite places with personality and experience. | (Clement, 2008) | It is important to consider Planet Earth as a single garden of which man is the gardener, highlighting the global sense of the landscape. |
(Twigger-Ross & Uzzel, 1996); (Jones, 1991, 2003) | Description of cultural landscape as a landscape transformed by man, where exist relations between him and the territory. | (Jakob, 2009) | There is a landscape formula which could summarize all the landscape definitions: L = S + N (Landscape= Subject + Nature) |
(Antrop, 2000) | The landscape is a whole that is more than the sum of the parts, being the necessary synthesis for the true understanding of the whole. | (Budd, 2002) | He is in favor of a positive aesthetic that accepts all nature as beautiful, since it is not altered by man, accepting exclusively its natural changes. |
(Domingues, 2001) | Landscape identifies itself with the object of study of geography. It is an element positioning between the natural and human sciences. | (Griffero, 1996) | The landscape, being an aesthetic component, arouses emotions in the subject that admires it. |
(Assunto, 1976, 2006) | The landscape is a form that the environment confers on the territory. It is the country considered from the artistic point of view. |
Reference | Definition | Reference | Definition |
---|---|---|---|
(Chaline, 1999) | Friche | (Lerup, 1994) | Dross |
(Solà Morales, 1995) | Terrain Vague | (Leong, 1998) | No-man’s land |
(Berger, 2007) | Drosscape | (Doron, 2000) | Dead zones and transgressive zones |
(Barr, 1969); (Kivell & Hatfield, 1998); (Oxenham, 1966) | Derelict land | (Nielson, 2002) | Superfluous landscapes |
(Smithson, 1996) | Zero panorama, empty or abstract settings and dead spots | (Cupers & Miessen, 2002) | Spaces of uncertainty |
(Bowman & Pagano, 2004); (Northam, 1971) | Vacant land | (Clement, 2003) | Le Tiers-Paysage, les delaisses, the third landscape and Leftover lands |
(Gemmell, 1977); (Nabarro & Richards, 1980) | Wasteland | (Johnas & Rahmann, 2014) | Brownfields, in-between spaces, white areas, Blank areas, SLOAPs |
(Secchi, 1989) | Il vuoto (the void) | Voids | |
(Lynch, 1990); | Urban wilds and urban sinks | (Bowman & Pagano, 2004) | Terra incognita (unknown land) |
(Boeri, Lanzani & Marini, 1993) | New nameless places | (Cupers & Miessen, 2002) | Spaces of uncertainty |
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Talento, K.; Amado, M.; Kullberg, J.C. Landscape—A Review with a European Perspective. Land 2019, 8, 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8060085
Talento K, Amado M, Kullberg JC. Landscape—A Review with a European Perspective. Land. 2019; 8(6):85. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8060085
Chicago/Turabian StyleTalento, Katia, Miguel Amado, and Josè Carlos Kullberg. 2019. "Landscape—A Review with a European Perspective" Land 8, no. 6: 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8060085